TGF-beta 3 (transforming growth factor-beta 3) is a member of a TGF­-beta superfamily subgroup that is defined by their structural and functional similarities . TGF-beta 3 and its closely related proteins, TGF-beta 1 and ­ beta 2, act as cellular switches to regulate immune function, cell proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition . The non-redundant biological effects of TGF-­ beta 3 include involvement in palatogenesis, chondrogenesis, and pulmonary development . Human TGF­-beta 3 cDNA encodes a 412 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 20 aa signal peptide and a 392 aa proprotein. The proprotein is processed by a furin-­like convertase to generate a 220 aa latency-­associated peptide (LAP) and a 112 aa mature TGF­-beta 3. Mature human TGF-­ beta 3 shows 100%, 99%, and 98% aa identity with mouse/dog/horse, rat, and pig TGF-­ beta 3, respectively. TGF-beta 3 is secreted as a latent complex. This latent form of TGF-beta 3 is activated by integrins, thrombospondin-1, plasmin, and matrix metalloproteases. It can also be activated by extreme pH and reactive oxygen species. TGF-beta 3 binds with high affinity to TGF-beta RII, a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates type I serine/threonine kinase receptors, TGF-­ beta RI or ALK-­1, to modulate transcription through Smad phosphorylation . The divergent biological effects exerted by individual TGF-beta isoforms is dependent upon the recruitment of co-receptors (TGF-­ beta RIII and endoglin) and the subsequent initiation of Smad­-dependent or-independent signaling pathways .

Codice: PDER100217_20μg | Marca: Elabscience | Confezionamento: 20μg