CD123 is an alpha chain of the interleukin-3 receptor, which belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. CD123 forms a heterodimer with CD131, the interleukin-3β receptor, to form the interleukin-3 receptor, with an alpha subunit that dominates cytokine specificity and a beta subunit that dominates signaling. CD123 is expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, megakaryocytes, red blood cell precursors, mast cells, macrophages and some B cell subsets. It is often used in combination with CD68, CD43 and CD4 for the diagnosis of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDC).
CD138, also named syndecan-1, is a member of the syndecan family of four transmembrane proteins capable of binding heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate molecules. Its main function is to control cell growth and differentiation and maintain cell adhesion and migration. Expression of anti-CD138 antibodies in artificial blood cells was restricted to plasma cells in normal bone marrow, and human bone marrow was negative for CD138, an early B-cell precursor. CD138 may help to distinguish viable myeloma cells from apoptotic cells and is also expressed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and normal hepatocytes. CD138 is helpful for the diagnosis of plasmacytoma, but some non-lymphoid hematopoietic tumors (such as squamous cell carcinoma, myoepithelioma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma) may have plasmacytoid morphology and may also be CD138 positive. Therefore, the diagnosis must be combined with the results of other antibodies.
CD146, also known as melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) with a molecular weight of 113kDa, is expressed on various human endothelial cells and is involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. It is initially found in malignant melanoma, whereas normal melanocytes do not express it. In addition, CD146 is also widely present in a variety of tissues and tumors. If expressed on intermediate trophoblastic cells, it can be used in combination with other antibodies for the identification of trophoblastic tumors.
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