Glypican 3, a heparan sulfate glycoprotein and oncoembryonic protein, is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer of embryonic liver and placental tissue. GPC-3 has been identified as a useful tumor marker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatoblastoma, melanoma, testicular germ cell tumors, and Wilms tumor. Studies have shown that GPC-3 protein is expressed in the majority of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCS) but not in normal liver or benign liver lesions, including dysplastic and cirrhotic nodules. GPC-3 is a sensitive diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and a tool to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma from non-neoplastic liver disease and preneoplastic liver disease.
Granzyme B is a serine protease, which mediates the apoptosis signaling pathway of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer cells (NK). Granzyme B is synthesized in the form of inactive protease, stored in lysosomal granules and released during the degradation of effector cells. The results shows that granzyme B is expressed in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and NK cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry. The expression of cytotoxic proteins may play an important role in the differentiation and classification of peripheral T-cell and NK cell lymphoma, such as granzyme B, because many tumors of this type do not have specific morphology and phenotype.
Glutathione transferase-π (GST-π) is a multifunctional drug metabolizing enzyme, which is present in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of human cells. It is mainly distributed in the urinary, digestive and respiratory epithelium. At present, GST-π is mainly used in the study of cell resistance, which is related to cisplatin resistance.
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