p16, also known as "mitotic inhibitor", is one of the cell cycle regulatory proteins. Its mechanism of action is mainly to regulate cell cycle progression, inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4/6 and then inhibit Rb to block G1 phase cells into S phase, inhibit DNA synthesis and inhibit cell proliferation. p16 can be mutated in malignant tumors, thus losing its suppressive function and abnormally high expression. p16 is closely related to cervical cancer caused by HPV infection. The expression of p16 in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) is usually diffuse positive in the whole layer of cervical epithelium, weak and moderate staining tends to be the staining result of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and almost no expression in normal cervical epithelium. Therefore, p16 is helpful for the grading of cervical epithelioma-like lesions.
p40 is one of the subtypes of p63 protein. p63 is widely used in the classification of lung cancer in daily pathological diagnosis. It has a high sensitivity in lung squamous cell carcinoma, but it is also partially expressed in lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, p40 is recommended for the differential diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma.
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