Calcitonin is a neuropeptide secreted by thyroid C cells, which can be used to label thyroid C cells and medullary thyroid cancer. Studies have shown that calcitonin antibody can react with human protein calcitonin and label C cells in normal thyroid. Calcitonin antibody can be used to distinguish medullary thyroid cancer from papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Most of the medullary carcinomas were positive for calcitonin. In contrast, most papillary and follicular thyroid cancers are usually negative for calcitonin. When combined with TTF-1, medullary thyroid carcinoma can be distinguished from moderately differentiated carcinoma of the larynx.
Caldesmon is a smooth muscle regulatory protein that interacts with actin, myosin, tropomyosin and calmodulin. Caldesmon can label smooth muscle and smooth muscle tumor and it can be used to distinguish between smooth muscle and myofibroblast tumor, or between leiomyoma and endometrial stromal tumor. Caldesmon can be used as a marker for the identification of epithelioid mesothelioma, and has been used to distinguish between epithelioid mesothelioma and ovarian serous papillary carcinoma.
Anti-Calponin can label myoepithelial cells and basement membrane, which can distinguish micro invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ. It is also a useful marker of papillary breast disease.
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