Pax-8 is a member of the Pax family of transcription factors, which plays a key role in fetal development and cancer growth. Pax-8 is involved in renal cell differentiation, thyroid development, or thyroid dysgenesis. For metastatic RCC, Pax-8 was more sensitive than CD10 and RCC. Existing studies have found that Pax-8 is expressed in some subtypes of kidney, bladder and thyroid tumors and ovarian malignant tumors, but not in most epithelial tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. It can be used to distinguish primary renal epithelial tumors from metastatic tumors and ovarian serous carcinoma from mucinous carcinoma and mesothelioma.
Tumor cells can be recognized by the immune system and even eliminated. PD-1 is expressed in activated T cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes involved in tumor cell immunity, while tumor cells express PD-L1 and PD-L2 ligands of PD-1 in their microenvironment to complete immune escape. This is widely used in the detection of PD-1 in various tumor tissues and their microenvironment, which can help the application of targeted drugs.
PGP9.5 is widely expressed in neurons, nerve fibers and various neuroendocrine cells in central and peripheral nervous system, and it is usually used with Syn, CGA, CD56 and NSE to mark the neuroendocrine cells. It can be used to label neuroendocrine cells and tumors of their origin.
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