CD44 is a 80-95 kD glycoprotein also known as Hermes, Pgp1, H-CAM, or HUTCH. It is expressed on all leukocytes, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and mesenchymal cells. As B and T cells become activated or progress to the memory stage, CD44 expression increases from low or mid levels to high levels. Thus, CD44 has been reported to be a valuable marker for memory cell subsets. High CD44 expression on Treg cells has been associated with potent suppressive function via high production of IL-10. CD44 is an adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte attachment to and rolling on endothelial cells, homing to peripheral lymphoid organs and to the sites of inflammation, and leukocyte aggregation.
IL-5 (Interleukin-5) is a secreted cytokine that is expressed as a covalent dimer. It is produced by activated Th2 cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and iNKT cells and promotes eosinophilic and basophilic differentiation and activation. IL-5 signals through a receptor complex containing IL-5 R alpha and the Common beta Chain/CD131 on eosinophils and basophils. Naturally occurring soluble forms of IL-5 R alpha retain the ability to bind IL-5 and limit its bioavailability.
Killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) is the mouse homolog of the rat mast cell function-associated antigen (MAFA or 2F1-Ag). KLRG1 is a type II membrane glycoprotein that was first identified on the surface of rat mast cell line RBL-2H3. It is composed of a homodimer of glycosylated 30-38 kD subunits. Mouse and human homologs of KLRG1 are expressed by subsets of NK cells and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells but not mast cells. KLRG1 is also expressed on subsets of CD8+and CD4+cells, including CD4+and CD8+effector/memory cells, potent regulatory CD4+T cells. KLRG1 may be involved in regulating NK cell homeostasis. KLRG2 was found to recognize cadherins and thus inhibit immune responses by regulating the effector function and the developmental processes of NK and T cells.
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