Mouse tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11(Tnfsf11) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family. Tnfsf11 is widely expressed in cells including T cells and T cell rich organs, such as thymus and lymph nodes. This cytokine can bind to TNFRSF11B/OPG andTNFRSF11A/RANK. Tnfsf11 is involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as acting as regulator of interactions between T-cells and dendritic cells, the regulation of the T-cell-dependent immune response and enhancing bone-resorption in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. It augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive T-cell proliferation.
Receptor activator of NF-κB(RANK,TNFRSF11A) belongs to one member of tumor necrosis factor receptor family.It is a receptor for TNFSF11/RANKL/TRANCE/OPGL. This gene encodes a type 1 membrane protein with a 30 amino acids (aa) signal peptide, 184 aa extracellular region , a 20 aa transmembrane domain and a 391 aa cytoplasmic region. Human and murine RANK share 81% aa identity in their extracellular domains. RANK is ubiquitous highly expressed in trabecular bone, thymus, small intestine, lung, brain and kidney, but weakly expressed in spleen and bone marrow. After binding its ligand RANKL, RANK can activate signaling pathways such as NF-κB, JNK, ERK, p38, and Akt/PKB, through TRAF protein phosphorylation. RANK/TNFRSF11A signaling is largely considered to be growth promoting and apoptosis reducing such as the effects observed in osteoclasts. RANK/TNFRSF11A was also found to be involved in the regulation of interactions between T-cells and dendritic cells.
Cytoplasmic retinol-binding protein (RBP1) ,detected in nearly all the tissues with higher expression in adult ovary, pancreas, pituitary gland and adrenal gland, and fetal liver.Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is the specific carrier for retinol (also known as vitamin A), and is responsible for the conversion of unstable and insoluble retinol in aqueous solution into stable and soluble complex in plasma through their tight interaction. As a member of the lipocalin superfamily, RBP4 containing a β-barrel structure with a well-defined cavity is secreted from the liver, and in turn delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP4-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin (TTR), and this binding is crucial for preventing RBP4 excretion through the kidney glomeruli. RBP4 expressed from an ectopic source efficiently delivers retinol to the eyes, and its deficiency affects night vision largely. Recently, RBP4 as an adipokine, is found to be expressed in adipose tissue and correlated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
The REG2 Anticoagulation System consists of pegnivacogin, a subcutaneously administered aptamer factor IXa inhibitor, and its intravenous active control agent, anivamersen. The first-in-human study of the effect of the REG2 Anticoagulation System on thrombin generation demonstrates concentration-dependent suppression of thrombin generation that is reversible without rebound effect, as measured by the CAT assay. Full Name
Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha, also known as Regenerating islet-derived protein III-alpha, REG-3-alpha, REG3A, and HIP, is secreted protein which contains one C-type lectin domain. REG3A is constitutively expressed in intestine, and is a pancreatic secretory protein that may be involved in cell proliferation or differentiation. It is overexpressed during the acute phase of pancreatitis and in some patients with chronic pancreatitis. REG3A and REG1A proteins are both involved in liver and pancreatic regeneration and proliferation. REG3A is also a stress protein involved in the control of bacterial proliferation. REG3A is down-regulated in most primary human gastric cancer cells, and might be useful in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Additionally, REG3A is a target of beta-catenin signaling in Huh7 hepatoma cells. The REG1A and REG3A are downstream targets of the Wnt pathway during liver tumorigenesis.
Expression of REG3B was sufficient to inhibit cytokine-induced activation of STAT3 in IECs. The human REG3beta protein, the functional counterpart of mouse REG3B, inhibited STAT3 activity in human 293T cells, and its expression level in colorectal tumors correlated inversely with pSTAT3 level and survival times of patients. REG3B negatively regulates cytokine-induced activation of STAT3 in colon epithelial cells. This pathway might be targeted in patients with colitis to reduce carcinogenesis.
Regenerating islet-derived 3 delta (REG3D) is a member of the secreted Reg superfamily and contains one typical C-type lectin domain. Regenerating gene (Reg), first isolated from a regenerating islet cDNA library, encodes a secretory protein with a growth stimulating effect on pancreatic beta cells. Reg and Reg-related genes which were expressed in various organs have been revealed to constitute a multigene family, the Reg family, which consists of four subtypes (types I, II, III, IV) based on the primary structures of the encoded proteins of the genes, which are associated with tissue repair and have been directly implicated in pancreatic beta-cell regeneration. Reg proteins are expressed in various organs and are involved in cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. They display a typical C-type lectin-like domain but possess additional highly conserved amino acids.
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