Inducible costimulator (ICOS), also called AILIM (activiation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule) is a cell-surface receptor, and belongs to the CD28 family of immune costimulatory receptors consisting of CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1. The interaction of B7-H2/ICOS plays a critical role in Th cell differentiation, T−B cell interactions which is essential for germinal center formation, and humoral immune responses, and as well as the production of cytokine IL-4. In addition, ICOS is more potent in the induction of IL-10 production, a cytokine important for suppressive function of T regulatory cells. The B7-1/B7-2--CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway provides key second signals that can regulate the activation, inhibition and fine-tuning of T-lymphocyte responses. ICOS stimulates both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production but may have a preferential role in Th2 cell development. Moreover, The B7-1/B7-2-CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway has been suggested of being involved in the development of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
IFNA2(Interferon Alpha 2) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene is a member of the alpha interferon gene cluster on chromosome 9. The encoded protein is a cytokine produced in response to viral infection. Type I Interferons(IFNs) are well-known cytokines that exert antiviral activity, antitumor activity, and immunomodulatory effects. Interferon tau(IFNT), a type I IFN similar to alpha IFNs(IFNA), is the pregnancy recognition signal produced by the ruminant conceptus. Among the IFN-α genes, a total of 28 different sequence variants have been described. The three principal subtypes of IFNα-2 are designated α-2a, α-2b, and α-2c. IFNα-2b is being the predominant allele while IFNα-2a is less predominant and IFNα-2c only a minor allelic variant.
IFN gamma, also known as IFNG, is a secreted protein which belongs to the type I I interferon family. IFN gamma is produced predominantly by natural killer and natural killer T cells as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops. IFN gamma has antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-tumor properties. IFNG, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons. The IFNG monomer consists of a core of six &alpha,-helices and an extended unfolded sequence in the C-terminal region. IFN gamma is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control. Aberrant IFN gamma expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The importance of IFN gamma in the immune system stems in part from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, and most importantly from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFNG also promotes NK cell activity.
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