Neuromodulin, also known as Axonal membrane protein GAP-43, Growth-associated protein 43, Neural phosphoprotein B-50, pp46 and GAP43, is a cell membrane protein which belongs to theneuromodulin family. Neuromodulin / GAP43 contains oneIQ domain. Neuromodulin / GAP43 is associated with nerve growth. It is a major component of the motile "growth cones" that form the tips of elongating axons. Neuromodulin / GAP43 is involved in neurite outgrowth, a crucial process for the differentiation of neurons. The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the main cause of postneonatal infant death and its cause is still unknown. Neuromodulin / GAP43 is a marker of synaptic plasticity and is critical for normal development of the serotonergic innervation. Neuromodulin / GAP43 is a major cortical cytoskeleton-associated and calmodulin binding protein that is widely and abundantly expressed during development, maintained in selected brain structures in the adult, and reinduced during nerve regeneration. CAP23 and GAP43 are functionally related intrinsic determinants of anatomical plasticity. These proteins function by locally promoting subplasmalemmal actin cytoskeleton accumulation.
Carbonic Anhydrase-Related Protein 11 (CA11) is a secreted protein member of the α-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CA11 is expressed abundantly in the brain with moderate expression also present in spinal cord and thyroid. CA11 may play a general role in the central nervous system.
MUC16, also known as the CA125 antigen, is a mucin protein that may be found in type I transmembrane or secreted forms that are used monitor the progress of epithelial ovarian cancer therapy. MUC16 is over-expressed by tumor cells including ovarian and mesothelial cancers. The transmembrane form can adhere to mesothelin in the peritoneum, facilitating metastasis of ovarian cancer to the peritoneal cavity. MUC16 also binds galectin-1 on immune cells and enhances its expression on tumor cells. MUC16-expressing tumors adhere to NK cells, down-regulate CD16 and suppress NK response, which may promote immune evasion. MUC16 is also cyclically expressed in the endometrium and may contribute to immune privilege during pregnancy. In the eye, MUC16 and other mucins protect the cornea and keep it hydrated. It is altered on the conjunctival epithelium of patients with non-Sjogren dry eye syndrome.
May catalyze alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages involved in the expression of Vim-2, Lewis A, Lewis B, sialyl Lewis X and Lewis X/SSEA-1 antigens. May be involved in blood group Lewis determination, Lewis-positive (Le+) individuals have an active enzyme while Lewis-negative (Le-) individuals have an inactive enzyme. Also acts on the corresponding 1,4-galactosyl derivative, forming 1,3-L-fucosyl links.
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial, also known as Carbonate dehydratase VA, Carbonic anhydrase VA, CA-VA and CA5A, is a member of thealpha-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes first discovered in 1933 that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CA5A / CA-VA is activated by histamine, L-adrenaline, L- and D-histidine, and L- and D-phenylalanine. It is inhibited by coumarins, sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide and Foscarnet (phosphonoformate trisodium salt).
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