Interleukin-2(IL-2)is a O-glycosylated four α-helix bundle cytokine that has potent stimulatory activity for antigenactivated T cells. It is expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Mature rat IL-2 shares 66% and 73% amino acid sequence identity with human and mouse IL-2,respectively. The receptor for IL-2 consists of three subunits that are present on the cell surface in varying preformed complexes. IL-2 is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions that are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and oligodendrocytes.
The common gamma chain (γc) (or CD132), also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL2RG, is a member of the type I cytokine receptor family expressed on most lymphocyte (white blood cell) populations, and its gene is found on the X-chromosome of mammals. The common gamma chain (γc) (or IL2RG), is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and interleukin-21 receptor. It is a component of multiple cytokine receptors that are essential for lymphocyte development and function. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is a rare and potentially fatal disease caused by mutations of IL2RG, the gene encoding IL2RG. IL2RG was demonstrated to be a component of the IL-4 receptor on the basis of chemical cross-linking data, the ability of IL2RG to augment IL-4 binding affinity. The observation that IL-2R gamma is a functional component of the IL-4 receptor, together with the finding that IL-2R gamma associates with the IL-7 receptor, begins to elucidate why deficiency of this common gamma chain (gamma c) has a profound effect on lymphoid function and development, as seen in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.
Participates in at least several B-cell activation processes as well as of other cell types. It is a costimulator of DNA-synthesis. It induces the expression of class II MHC molecules on resting B-cells. It enhances both secretion and cell surface expression of IgE and IgG1. It also regulates the expression of the low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (CD23) on both lymphocytes and monocytes. Positively regulates IL31RA expression in macrophages. Stimulates autophagy in dendritic cells by interfering with mTORC1 signaling and through the induction of RUFY4.
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