PTH elevates calcium level by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion. Stimulates [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblastic cells.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), parathormone or parathyrin, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide. PTH elevates calcium level by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been proved to play a pivotal role in maintaining myocardial contractility as well as effective natriuresis, and possible pathogenic mechanisms contributing to heart failure secondary to hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. With the increased population of preosteoblastic lineages and the osteoblastic activation, Parathyroid hormone (PTH) drives anabolism in bone. Experiments have recently reported that PTH affects bone cells in a dual pathway - mediating osteoblastic (preosteoblastic) activities or osteocytic synthesis of sclerostin. Defects in PTH are a cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (FIH), also called autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism or autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. FIH is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone. Symptoms are seizures, tetany and cramps.
Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), also known as F11 receptor (F11R) or Cluster of Differentiation 321 (CD321), is a transmembrane protein expressed at tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as on circulating leukocytes. JAM-A protein serves as a serotype-independent receptor for mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses). It is also a ligand for the integrin LFA1, involves in leukocyte transmigration. As a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, JAM-A protein involves in platelet adhesion, secretion and aggregation, and plays a crucial role in inflammatory thrombosis and atherosclerosis. In addition, it may be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Junctional adhesion molecule B (JAM-B), also known as Junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2), Vascular endothelial junction-associated molecule (VE-JAM), and CD322, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is prominently expressed on high endothelial venules. expression to be restricted to the high endothelial venule of tonsil and lymph nodes. The localization to the endothelium of arterioles in and around inflammatory and tumor foci. JAM-B can function as an adhesive ligand for the T cell line J45 and can interact with GM-CSF/IL-4-derived peripheral blood dendritic cells, circulating CD56(+) NK cells, circulating CD56(+)CD3(+) NK/T cells, and circulating CD56(+)CD3(+)CD8(+) cytolytic T cells. JAM-2 is expressed on high endothelial venules (HEVs) in human tonsil and on a subset of human leukocytes, suggesting that JAM-2 plays a central role in the regulation of transendothelial migration. It binds to very late activation antigen (VLA)-4, a leucocyte integrin that contributes to rolling and firm adhesion of lymphocytes to endothelial cells through binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. JAM-B appears to contribute to leucocyte extravasation by facilitating not only transmigration but also rolling and adhesion. JAM-B acts as an adhesive ligand for interacting with a variety of immune cell types and may play a role in lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs.
Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 is also known as HAVCR1, HAVCR, KIM1, TIM, TIM1, TIMD1, is widely expressed with highest levels in kidney and testis. The protein encoded by HAVCR1 gene is a membrane receptor for both human hepatitis A virus (HHAV) and TIMD4. The encoded protein may be involved in the moderation of asthma and allergic diseases. The reference genome represents an allele that retains a MTTVP amino acid segment that confers protection against atopy in HHAV seropositive individuals. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. HAVCR1 may play a role in T-helper cell development, the regulation of asthma and allergic diseases and in kidney injury and repair. In case of human hepatitis A virus (HHAV) infection, functions as a cell-surface receptor for the virus.
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