PDGFRA, also known as CD140a, together with the structurally homolog protein PDGFRB (CD140b), are cell surface receptors for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. They are members of the class III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTKs) with the similar structure characteristics of five immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular region and a split kinase domain in their intracellular region. PDGFRA is expressed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mesothelial cell, and binds all three ligand isoforms PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB with high affinity, whereas PDGFRB dose not bind PDGF-AA. PDGFRA plays an essential role in regulating proliferation, chemotaxis and migration of mesangial cells. Recent studies have indicated that PDGFRA acts as a critical mediator of signaling in testis organogenesis and Leydig cell differentiation, and in addition, particularly important for kidney development. Additionally, PDGFRA is involved in tumor angiogenesis and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment and has been implicated in development and metastasis of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PDGFRA may represent a potential therapeutic target in thymic tumours. PDGFRA gene amplification rather than gene mutation may be the underlying genetic mechanism driving PDGFRA overexpression in a portion of gliomas.
The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. CD140b, also known as PDGFRB, is a member of the CD system. CD140b is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor essencial for development interacting with the platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) which serves as mitogens for mesenchymal cells. CD140b can bind with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B, that are secreted by tumors and phosphorylation of PDGFR-β was correlated with depth of cancer invasion at statistically significant level.
CD274, also known as B7-H1 or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), is a 40 kD type I transmembrane protein and a member of the B7 family within the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily. Programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) has been identified as the ligand for the immunoinhibitory receptor programmed death-1(PD1/PDCD1) and has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. By binding to PD1 on activated T-cells and B-cells, PD-L1 may inhibit ongoing T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell-cycle progression. Accordingly, it leads to growth of immunogenic tumor growth by increasing apoptosis of antigen specific T cells and may contribute to immune evasion by cancers. PD-L1 thus is regarded as promising therapeutic target for human autoimmune disease and malignant cancers.
PCK1 (Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, also PEPCK-C [cytosolic]) is a monomeric, 67-68 kDa member of the PEP carboxykinase family of enzymes. It is expressed in postnatal cells such as mammary epithelium, white and brown adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes. PCK1 has multiple functions, some of which are cell-specific. In particular, PCK1 has both cataplerotic (Greek: to fill down, or remove) and anaplerotic (to fill up, or replace) activity, where it removes and replaces elements of the TCA cycle. It is also gluconeogenic, and promotes glucose formation via PEP generation. Finally, it is glyceroneogenic, creating glycerol-3-phosphate that is used to reesterify and store just-released free fatty acids in adipocytes. It contains one kinase domain (aa 27-615), and two potential acetylation sites at Lys70 and 71. There are four potential splice forms. Two have alternative start sites at Met460 and Met315, while two others show a deletion of aa 34-546, plus a three aa substitution for aa 85-204, respectively.
Pepsinogen C, also known as PGC, is an aspartic proteinase that belongs to the peptidase family A1. Pepsinogen C is synthesized in the gastric mucosa as inactive precursors, known as zymogens. Pepsinogen C contains a prosegment that serves to stabilize the inactive form and prevent entry of the substrate to the active site. At low PH conditions, Pepsinogen C undergoes conversion into active enzyme. Pepsinogen C has been found expressed in all regions of the stomach mucosa and also in the proximal duodenal mucosa. In stomach cancer tissues and cancer cell lines, the expressions of the pepsinogen genes were decreased or lost, in good accordance with their pepsinogen productions. No gross structural changes of the pepsinogen genes were observed in these cancers, but the methylation patterns of the pepsinogen genes were found to be altered in different ways in different cancers. Serum levels of Pepsinogen C are used as a biomarker for certain gastric diseases including Helicobacter pylori related gastritis.
PNLIPRP1, also known as PLRP1, belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily, Lipase family. PNLIPRP1 is structurally similar to PLRP2. However, these two proteins display different functional properties. PNLIPRP1 may function as inhibitor of dietary triglyceride digestion. It lacks detectable lipase activity towards triglycerides, diglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, galactolipids or cholesterol esters. PLRP2 hydrolyses milk fat with a lower catalytic efficiency than that of PL. PLRP2 activity, higher on homogenized than on native milk fat, is differently influenced by fatty acids and colipase depending on a proteolytic cleavage in the lid domain.
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