IGF I, also known as Mechano Growth Factor, somatomedin-C, IGF-I, and IGF1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. The insulin family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II ( IGF-I and IGF-II ), and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth. IGF-I expression is regulated by GH and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. IGF1 / IGF-I may be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. IGF1 / IGF-I stimulates glucose transport in rat bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also about enhancing glucose uptake. Defects in IGF1 / IGF-I are the cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency (IGF1 deficiency) which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common etiological agent of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants and can cause repeated infections throughout life. It is classified within the genus pneumovirus of the family paramyxoviridae. Like other members of the family, HRSV has two major surface glycoproteins (G and F) that play important roles in the initial stages of the infectious cycle. The G protein mediates attachment of the virus to cell surface receptors, while the F protein promotes fusion of the viral and cellular membranes, allowing entry of the virus ribonucleoprotein into the cell cytoplasm. The fusion (F) protein of RSV is synthesized as a nonfusogenic precursor protein (F), which during its migration to the cell surface is activated by cleavage into the disulfide-linked F1 and F2 subunits. This fusion is pH independent and occurs directly at the outer cell membrane, and the F2 subunit was identifed as the major determinant of RSV host cell specificity. The trimer of F1-F2 interacts with glycoprotein G at the virion surface. Upon binding of G to heparan sulfate, the hydrophobic fusion peptide is unmasked and induces the fusion between host cell and virion membranes. Notably, RSV fusion protein is unique in that it is able to interact directly with heparan sulfate and therefore is sufficient for virus infection. Furthermore, the fusion protein is also able to trigger p53-dependent apoptosis.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common etiological agent of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants and can cause repeated infections throughout life. It is classified within the genus pneumovirus of the family paramyxoviridae. Like other members of the family, HRSV has two major surface glycoproteins (G and F) that play important roles in the initial stages of the infectious cycle. HRSV G protein is a type II glycoprotein of 289-299 amino acids (depending on the virus strain) with a signal/anchor hydrophobic domain and is extensively modified by the addition of both N-and O-linked oligosaccharides to achieve the mature form of 8-9 kDa. The C-terminal ectodomain of the G protein has a central region and four cysteines which are conserved in all HRSV isolates and have been proposed as the putative receptor binding site. The G protein mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell membrane by interacting with heparan sulfate, initiating the infection. As similar to mucins in amino acid compositions, the RSV G protein can interact with host CX3CR1, the receptor for the CX3C chemokine fractalkine, and thus modulates the immune response and facilitate infection. Secreted glycoprotein G helps RSV escape antibody-dependent restriction of replication by acting as an antigen decoy and by modulating the activity of leukocytes bearing Fcgamma receptors. Unlike the other paramyxovirus attachment proteins, HRSV-G lacks both neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activities.
The viral main proteinase (M pro , also called 3CL pro ), which controls the activities of the coronavirus replication complex. It functions as a cysteine protease engaging in the proteolytic cleavage of the viral precursor polyprotein to a series of functional proteins required for coronavirus replication and is considered as an appealing target for designing anti-SARS agents.
Plays a central role in virus morphogenesis and assembly. Acts as a viroporin and self-assembles in host membranes forming pentameric protein-lipid pores that allow ion transport. Also plays a role in the induction of apoptosis.
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