CD38, also called ADP-ribosyl cyclase, is a Type II integral membrane protein with 301 amino acids in length that belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family.It synthesizes the second messagers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. And also moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. CD38 is expressed in B and T lymphocytes, osteoclasts, and in cardiac, pancreatic, liver and kidney cells. Through its production of cyclic ADP-ribose, CD38 modulates calcium-mediated signal transduction in many types of cells, including neutrophils and pancreatic beta cells.
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein (NKG2D) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein which belongs to the CD94/NKG2 family. NKG2D is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ alpha-beta and gamma-delta T-cells. As an activating and costimulatory receptor, it involved in immunosurveillance upon binding to various cellular stress-inducible ligands displayed at the surface of autologous tumor cells and virus-infected cells. It provides both stimulatory and costimulatory innate immune responses on activated killer (NK) cells, leading to cytotoxic activity. It stimulates perforin-mediated elimination of ligand-expressing tumor cells. Signaling involves calcium influx, culminating in the expression of TNF-alpha. NKG2D participates in NK cell-mediated bone marrow graft rejection and survival of NK cells. It Binds to ligands belonging to various subfamilies of MHC class I-related glycoproteins including MICA, MICB, RAET1E, RAET1G, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3 (ULBP2>ULBP1>ULBP3) and ULBP4.
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4(TNFSF4/OX40L) is a single-pass type II membrane protein. OX40L is expressed by DCs, macrophages and B cells and signals via its cognate receptor OX40 which is mainly expressed on APCs. OX40L/OX40 interactions are important in T-cell activation and survival and for the generation of memory T cells from activated effector T cells. It is a cytokine that binds to TNFRSF4, Co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. OX40L/OX40 interactions are important in T-cell activation and survival and for the generation of memory T cells from activated effector T cells.
LYN contains one protein kinase domain, one SH2 domain, one SH3 domain, and the protein kinase domain plays an important role in its localization in the cell membrane. LYN is also thought to participate in signal transduction from cell surface receptors that lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. In addition, LYN is associated with a number of cell surface receptors including the B cell antigen receptor and immunoglobulin E receptor (FceRI).
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