Human DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1/CD226) is a 65 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily. Mature human DNAM-1 contains an extracellular domain (ECD) with two Ig-like C2-set domains and a cytoplasmic region that contains motifs for binding PDZ domains and band 4.1 family proteins. DNAM-1 is expressed on multiple lymphoid and myeloid cells and interacts with CD155 and CD112. Ligation of DNAM-1 promotes the activation of NK cells; CD8+ T cells; and mast cells; dendritic cell maturation; megakaryocyte and activated platelet adhesion to vascular endothelial cells; and monocyte extravasation; it inhibits the forrmation of osteoclasts. Plateletendothelium; interactions mediated by DNAM-1; enable the metastasis of tumor cells to the lung.
Fc fragment of IgE, low affinity II, receptor for (CD23) or CD23 antigen is a member of the cluster of differentiation family. The cluster of differentiation (cluster of designation) (often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on white blood cells initially but found in almost any kind of cell of the body, providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. Physiologically, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands (the molecule that activates a receptor) important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD23/FCER2 is a B-cell specific antigen, and a low-affinity receptor for IgE. It has essential roles in B cell growth and differentiation, and the regulation of IgE production. This protein also exists as a soluble secreted form, then functioning as a potent mitogenic growth factor. Increased levels of soluble CD23/FCER2 cause the recruitment of non-sensitised B-cells in the presentation of antigen peptides to allergen-specific B-cells, therefore increasing the production of allergen specific IgE. IgE, in turn, is known to upregulate the cellular expression of CD23 and Fc epsilon RI (high-affinity IgE receptor).
Low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor(CD23) is a secreted and single-pass type II membrane protein which is also exists as a soluble excreted form. There are two forms of CD23: CD23a and CD23b. CD23a is present on follicular B cells, whereas CD23b requires IL-4 to be expressed on T-cells, monocytes, Langerhans cells, eosinophils, and macrophages. Unlike many of the antibody receptors, CD23/FCER2 is a C-type lectin. It is found on mature B cells, activated macrophages, eosinophils, follicular dendritic cells, and platelets. In flow cytometry, CD23/FCER2 is helpful in the differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CD23-positive) from mantle cell leukemia (CD23-negative). CD23/FCER2 can also be demonstrated in germinal centre B-cells using immunohistochemistry, but it is not present in the resting cells of the surrounding mantle zone. CD23/FCER2 has essential roles in the regulation of IgE production and in the differentiation of B-cells (it is a B-cell-specificantigen).
The CD244 antigen, also known as 2B4, is a cell surface glycoprotein implicated in the regulation of natural killer and T lymphocyte function. 2B4 is a member of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-related receptor family and is important for stimulating NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production, which is expressed on all NK cells, a subpopulation of T cells, monocytes and basophils. The 2B4 antigen identified on NK cells and T cells is capable of transmitting stimulatory signals and non-MHC-restricted killing. Reported as an activating receptor, human 2B4 can effectively activate and enhance NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity, induce secretion of IFN-γ and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as well as NK cell invasiveness. As a cell surface glycoprotein of the Ig-superfamily structurally related to CD2-like molecules such as CD2, CD48, CD58, CD84, Ly-9, and SLAM, 2B4 (CD244) is expressed on all human NK cells, a subpopulation of T cells, basophils and monocytes. 2B4 activates NK cell mediated cytotoxicity, induces secretion of IFN-gamma and matrix metalloproteinases, and NK cell invasiveness.
CD247, also known as CD3-ZETA, belongs to the CD3Z/FCER1G family. It contains 3 ITAM domains. As a-cell receptor zeta, CD247 forms the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex together with T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, and with CD3-gamma,-delta and &ndash,epsilon. The zeta chain plays an important role in coupling antigen recognition to several intracellular signal-transduction pathways. Low expression of the antigen results in impaired immune response. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for CD247 gene. Defects in CD247 can cause immunodeficiency due to defect in CD3-zeta. An immunological deficiency characterized by T-cells impaired immune response to alloantigens, tetanus toxoid and mitogens. CD247 may play a role in assembly and expression of the TCR complex as well as signal transduction upon antigen triggering.
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