Chitinases catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin, which is an abundant glycopolymer found in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. The glycoside hydrolase 18 family of chitinases includes eight Human family members. This gene encodes a glycoprotein member of the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. The protein lacks chitinase activity and is secreted by activated macrophages, chondrocytes, neutrophils and synovial cells. The protein is thought to play a role in the process of inflammation and tissue remodeling.
Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) also known as YKL-40, is a .secreted glycoprotein that is approximately 40kDa in size that in humans is encoded by the CHI3L1 gene. Elevated levels of CHI3L1 are associated with disorders exhibiting increased connective tissue turnover, such as rheumatoid, arthritis,osteoarthritis, scleroderma, and cirrhosis of liver, but is produced in cartilage from old donors or patients with osteoarthritis.CHI3L1 is abnormally expressed in the hippocampus of subjects with schizophrenia and may be involved in the cellular response to various environmental events that are reported to increase the risk of schizophrenia.
Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 (CHI3L1) belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. CHI3L1 is expressed in activated macrophages, articular chondrocytes, synovial cells as well as in liver. It lacks chitinase activity and is secreted by activated macrophages, chondrocytes, neutrophils and synovial cells. CHI3L1 is thought to play a role in defense against pathogens, or in tissue remodeling, and in the capacity of cells to respond to and cope with changes in their environment. In addition, CHI3L1 is associated with susceptibility to asthma-related traits type 7 (ASRT7) which assessed by methacholine challenge test, serum IgE levels, atopy, and atopic dermatitis.
Chitinase 3-Like Protein 2 (CHI3L2) is a 39 kDa secreted glycoprotein which belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family and the most closely related to human cartilage glycoprotein 39, which promotes the growth of human synovial cells as well as skin and fetal lung fibroblasts. Highest expression of CHI3L2 is in chondrocytes, followed by synoviocytes, lung and heart. It is not detected in spleen, pancreas, and liver. CHI3L2 may also be expressed in developing brain and placenta. Increased levels of CHI3L2 have been demonstrated in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid or osteoarthritis as well as in some other pathologies and in malignant tumors, particularly in glioblastomas. CHI3L2 may bind glycan structure with high affinity, but not heparin. It has has no chitotriosidase activity, but is likely to bind some type of glycan.
Chitotriosidase, also known as Chitinase-1 and CHIT1, is a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family and Chitinase class II subfamily. It is a member of the mammalian chitinase family, structurally homologous to chitinases from other species, is synthesized and secreted by specifically activated macrophages. Chitotriosidase is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Serum and plasma chitotriosidase activity is usually measured as the first step in diagnosis of Gaucher disease. Monitoring chitotriosidase activity is widely used during treatment of this pathology by enzyme replacement therapy. Its elevated plasma level reflects gradual intralysosomal accumulation in Gaucher cells (lipid-loaded macrophages). Macrophages overloaded by the enzyme accumulated in lysosomal material (lipids) were shown to secrete chitotriosidase; its increased expression was noted in several lysosomal storage diseases and atherosclerosis. In addition to lipid storage disorders, where Chit activity has longer been used as a marker of disease activity and therapeutic response, elevation of plasma Chit may occur in hematological disorders with storage of erythrocyte membrane breakdown products as thalassemia and different systemic infectious diseases sustained by fungi and other pathogens. Recently, increased Chit activity was demonstrated in CNS from patients with different neurological disorders. Chitotriosidase is believed to play a role in mechanisms of immunity and protection against chitin-containing pathogens.
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