Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a first homolog of ACE, regulates the renin angiotensin system (RAS) by counterbalancing ACE activity. Accumulating evidence in recent years has demonstrated a physiological and pathological role of ACE2 in the cardiovascular, renal and respiratory systems. ACE2 also has an important role in blood pressure control. This enzyme, an homolog of ACE, hydrolyzes angiotensin (Ang) I to produce Ang-(1-9), which is subsequently converted into Ang-(1-7) by a neutral endopeptidase and ACE. ACE2 releases Ang-(1-7) more efficiently than its catalysis of Ang-(1-9) by cleavage of Pro(7)-Phe(8) bound in Ang II. Thus, the major biologically active product of ACE2 is Ang-(1-7), which is considered to be a beneficial peptide of the RAS cascade in the cardiovascular system. A physiological role for ACE2 has been implicated in hypertension, cardiac function, heart function and diabetes, and as a receptor of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. In the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ACE, AngII, and AT1R promote the disease pathogenesis, whereas ACE2 and the AT2R protect from ARDS. Importantly, ACE2 has been identified as a key SARS-coronavirus receptor and plays a protective role in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pathogenesis. Furthermore, the recent explosion of research into the ACE2 homolog, collectrin, has revealed a new physiological function of ACE2 as an amino acid transporter, which explains the pathogenic role of gene mutations in Hartnup disorder.
ACK1 (also known as ACK, TNK2, or activated Cdc42 kinase) is a structurally unique non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in diverse cell types. This downstream effector of CDC42 which mediates CDC42-dependent cell migration via phosphorylation of BCAR1. The ACK1 protein may be involved in a regulatory mechanism that sustains the GTP-bound active form of Cdc42Hs and which is directly linked to a tyrosine phosphorylation signal transduction pathway. ACK1 integrates signals from plethora of ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), for example, MERTK, EGFR, HER2 and PDGFR to initiate intracellular signaling cascades. It binds to both poly- and mono-ubiquitin and regulates ligand-induced degradation of EGFR. ACK1 transduces extracellular signals to cytosolic and nuclear effectors such as the protein kinase AKT/PKB and androgen receptor (AR), to promote cell survival and growth. ACK1 participates in tumorigenesis, cell survival, and migration. Gene amplification and overexpression of ACK1 were found in many cancer types such as those of the lung and prostate. Recently, four somatic missense mutations of ACK1, which occur in the N-terminal region, the C-lobe of the kinase domain, and the SH3 domain, were identified in cancer tissue samples.
ATP citrate lyase, also known as Acly or Acl, is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA in many tissues. The enzyme is composed of two polymer chains which are polypeptides in human. ATP citrate lyase is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of citrate and CoA into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, along with the hydrolysis of ATP. A definitive role for ATP citrate lyase in tumorigenesis has emerged from ATP citrate lyase RNAi and chemical inhibitor studies, showing that ATP citrate lyase inhibition limits tumor cell proliferation and survival and induces differentiation in vitro. In vivo, it reduces tumor growth leading to a cytostatic effect and induces differentiation.
Aconitase 1(ACO1) or IRP1 is one member of the aconitase family that contains a diverse group of iron-sulphur(Fe-S) isomerases and two types of iron regulatory protein. Aconitase exits in two forms: one is soluble and the other is mitochondrial. ACO1 is the soluble existing form, and the mitochondrial form is ACO2. Residues from all three N-terminal domains and the larger C-terminal domain contribute to the active site region. When the enzyme is activated, it gains an additional iron atom. ACO1 can assume two different functions in cells, depending on different conditions. During iron scarcity or oxidative stress, ACO1 binds to mRNA stem-loop structures called iron responsive elements to modulate the translation of iron metabolism genes. In iron-rich conditions, ACO1 binds an iron-sulfur cluster to function as a cytosolic aconitase.
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