IGF I, also known as Mechano Growth Factor, somatomedin-C, IGF-I, and IGF1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. The insulin family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II ( IGF-I and IGF-II ), and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth. IGF-I expression is regulated by GH and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. IGF1 / IGF-I may be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. IGF1 / IGF-I stimulates glucose transport in rat bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also about enhancing glucose uptake. Defects in IGF1 / IGF-I are the cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency (IGF1 deficiency) which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
IL2 is a secreted cytokine involved in the operation and regulation of immune system. IL2 plays a pivotal role in T-cell activation and effector functions,including T cell proliferation,interferon-γproduction and cytotoxicity. IL2 can stimulate the propagation of lymphocytes and induce the cytotoxic T lymphocytes and lymphokine-activated killer cells for tumor cells. IL2 also influences memory T cell homeostasis through the regulation of memory T cell numbers and enhances major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) expression on tumor cells.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9(TNFRSF9), also known as CD137 and 4-1BB, is an inducible T cell surface protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. The human and mouse proteins share 60% amino acid sequence identity. CD137 is expressed by mesenchymal cells, including endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and cells of the central nervous system. CD137 is also broadly expressed by cells of the human immune system, is broadly expressed by cells of the human immune system, including activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, activated natural killer (NK) cells, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and monocytes. CD137 has diverse roles in the immune response, the one key function is to promote the survival of both T cells and dendritic cells by binding the cognate ligand CD137L (4-1BBL).
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