CD40 is a Type I Transmembrane Glycoprotein that belongs to the TNF Receptor Superfamily. CD40 is expressed in B cells, follicular dendritic cells, dendritic cells, activated monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and several tumor cell lines. The extracellular domain of CD40 is characterized by Cysteine rich repeat regions. Interaction of CD40 with its ligand (CD40L) leads to aggregation of CD40 molecules, which in turn interact with cytoplasmic components to initiate signaling pathways. Several different TRAF proteins (adaptor proteins) have been identified to serves as mediators of the signal transduction.
T-Cell Antigen CD7 is a single-pass type I membrane protein that that belongs to the the immunoglobulin superfamily. Human CD7 is synthesized as a 240 amino acid precursor that contains a 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 215 amino acid mature chain with a Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD7 is normally expressed on all T-lymphocytes, NK-cells, pre-B lymphocytes and pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cells. CD7 plays an essential role in T-cell interactions, T-cell/B-cell interaction during early lymphoid development, T- and NK-cell activation and cytokine production. CD7 has been shown to interact with PIK3R1and SECTM1. However, the function of the CD7 protein in the immune system is still largely unknown.
Cytotoxic and Regulatory T-Cell Molecule (CRTAM) is a member of Nectin family under the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed by activated CD8+ and NK T cells. CRTAM is found in spleen, thymus, small intestine, peripheral blood, and it is highly expressed by Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. CRTAM is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein containing one Ig-like C2-type domain and one Ig-like V-type domain in its extracellular domain, while its cytoplasmic region shows a potential class I PDZ domain. CRTAM is expressed as a homodimer on the cell surface but does not show homotypic binding in trans. The high affinity of CRTAM/IGSF4 adhesion allows CRTAM to disrupt IGSF4 homotypic interactions. IGSF4 and T cell receptor coengagement of CD8+ cells expressiong CRTAM induces increased IFNγ or IL-22 production.
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a member of the type III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that also includes receptors for SCF and PDGF. These receptors each contain five immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular domain (ECD) and a split kinase domain in their intracellular region. CSF1R is expressed primarily on cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, dendritic cells, stem cells and in the developing placenta. CSF1 and its receptor (CSF1R, product of c-fms proto-oncogene) were initially implicated as essential for normal monocyte development as well as for trophoblastic implantation. It plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone and tooth development. It is required for normal male and female fertility, and for normal development of milk ducts and acinar structures in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R may play a role in inflammatory diseases.
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a member of the type III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases that also includes receptors for SCF and PDGF. These receptors each contain five immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular domain (ECD) and a split kinase domain in their intracellular region. CSF1R is expressed primarily on cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, dendritic cells, stem cells and in the developing placenta. CSF1 and its receptor (CSF1R, product of c-fms proto-oncogene) were initially implicated as essential for normal monocyte development as well as for trophoblastic implantation. It plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone and tooth development. It is required for normal male and female fertility, and for normal development of milk ducts and acinar structures in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R may play a role in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and allograft rejection.
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