Siglecs (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectins) are I-type (Ig-type) lectins belonging to the Ig superfamily. They are characterized by an N-terminal Ig-like V-type domain which mediates sialic acid binding, followed by varying numbers of Ig-like C2-type domains. Human Siglec-2, also known as B-cell antigen CD22 or B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule (BL-CAM), is a B-cell restricted glycoprotein that is expressed in the cytoplasm of progenitor B and pre-B cells and on the surface of mature B cells. Two distinct human Siglec-2/CD22 cDNAs that arise from differential RNA processing of the same gene have been isolated. Siglec-2/CD22 is an adhesion molecule that preferentially binds alpha 2,6- linked sialic acid on the same (cis) or adjacent (trans) cells. Interaction of CD22 with trans ligands on opposing cells was found to be favored over the binding of ligands in cis.
BCL2 (B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2, N-Histidine-tagged), also known as Bcl-2, belongs to the Bcl-2 family. Bcl-2 family proteins regulate and contribute to programmed cell death or apoptosis. It is a large protein family and all members contain at least one of four BH (bcl-2 homology) domains. Certain members such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Mcl1 are anti-apoptotic, whilst others are pro-apoptotic. Most Bcl-2 family members contain a C-terminal transmembrane domain that functions to target these proteins to the outer mitochondrial and other intracellular membranes. It is expressed in a variety of tissues. BCL2 blocks the apoptotic death of some cells such as lymphocytes. It also regulates cell death by controlling the mitochondrial membrane permeability and inhibits caspase activity either by preventing the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and/or by binding to the apoptosis-activating factor. Constitutive expression of BCL2, such as in the case of translocation of BCL2 to Ig heavy chain locus, is thought to be the cause of follicular lymphoma. Two transcript variants, produced by alternate splicing, differ in their C-terminal ends.
B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria. Bcl-xL (BCL2L1) , belongs to the Bcl-2 family. Members of the bcl-2 family encode proteins that function either to promote or to inhibit apoptosis. Antiapoptotic members such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL prevent PCD in response to a wide variety of stimuli to take part in cancer survival. Conversely, proapoptotic proteins, exemplified by Bax and Bak, can accelerate death and in some instances are sufficient to cause apoptosis independent of additional signals. The crystal and solution structures of a Bcl-2 family member, Bcl-xL is like this: The structures consist of two central, primarily hydrophobic α-helices, which are surrounded by amphipathic helices. A 60-residue loop connecting helices αl and α2 was found to be flexible and non-essential for anti-apoptotic activity. Bcl-xL is chareacterized as important factors in autophagy, inhibiting Beclin 1-mediated autophagy by binding to Beclin 1. In addition, Beclin 1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL can cooperate with Atg5 or Ca2+ to regulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Bcl-xL is also implicated in anoxia induced cell death. The pathway is initiated by the loss of function of the prosurvival Bcl-2 family members Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 / Bcl-XL, resulting in Bax- or Bak-dependent release of cytochrome c and subsequent caspase-9-dependent cell death. Thus, Bcl-xL, the well-characterized apoptosis guards, appears to be important in cell death.
Bcl-2-Like Protein 1 (BCL2L1) is a member of the Bcl-2 family. BCL2L1 is expressed at high levels in cells that undergo a high rate of turnover, such as developing lymphocytes. BCL2L1 is a mitochondrial membrane protein. BCL2L1 contains four motifs, BH1, BH2 and BH4. The BH4 motif is required for anti-apoptotic activity. The BH1 and BH2 motifs are required for both heterodimerization with other Bcl-2 family members and for repression of cell death. BCL2L1 regulates cell death by blocking the voltage-dependent anion channnel (VDAC) and preventing the release of the caspase activator, CYC1, from the mitochondrial membrane. In addition, BCL2L1 promotes apoptosis.
BCL2-like 12 (BCL2L12 ) is a new member of the apoptosis-related BCL2 gene family, members of which are implicated in various malignancies. The mRNA expression of BCL2L12 may constitute a novel biomarker for the prediction of short-term relapse in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. BCL2L12 is a recently identified gene belonging to the BCL2 family, members of which are implicated in hematologic malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). BCL2L12 can be considered as a new independent prognostic and chemotherapy response marker in AML. BCL2L12 mRNA expression may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in tongue and/or larynx SCC, which principally constitute the great majority of HNSCC cases worldwide. BCL2L12 mRNA expression is a favorable prognostic marker of DFS for BC patients, suggesting its possible application as a novel prognostic indicator of this malignancy.
This gene encodes an integral outer mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks the apoptotic death of some cells such as lymphocytes. Constitutive expression of BCL2, such as in the case of translocation of BCL2 to Ig heavy chain locus, is thought to be the cause of follicular lymphoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
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