Mouse ICOS ligand(B7-H2) is an approximately transmembrane glycoprotein in the B7 family of immune regulatory molecules. B7-H2 is expressed on antigen presenting cells such as B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. It binds to ICOS on activated T cells, leading to both positive and negative effects on immune responses including its own down-regulation. The B7-H2 interaction with ICOS is costimulatory for T cell proliferation as well as the development of B cells, plasma cells, follicular helper T cells and germinal centers. B7-H2 contributes to the development of allergic asthma by enhancing Th2 biased immune responses, limiting Th17 responses, and promoting eosinophilic infiltration into the lung. Its activation of ICOS on Treg limits pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, promotes the development of inhalational tolerance, and impairs antitumor immunity. In the thyroid, B7-H2 is up-regulated on thyrocytes during inflammation and promotes their proliferation and production of thryoid hormones.
Inducible co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL), also known as B7-H2, is a member of the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules related to B7-1 and B7-2. It is a transmembrane glycoprotein with extracellular IgV and IgC domains, and binds to ICOS on activated T cells, thus delivers a positive costimulatory signal for optimal T cell function. The structural features of ICOSL are crucial for its costimulatory function. Present study shows that ICOSL displays a marked oligomerization potential, resembling more like B7-1 than B7-2. B7-H2-dependent signaling may play an active role in a proliferative response rather than in cytokine and chemokine production. The CD28/B7 and ICOS/B7-H2 pathways are both critical for costimulating T cell immune responses. Deficiency in either pathway results in defective T cell activation, cytokine production and germinal center formation.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a heme enzyme that initiates the oxidative degradation of the least abundant, essential amino acid, l-tryptophan, along the kynurenine pathway. This protein is normally expressed in the dendritic cells, macrophages, microglia, eosinophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and most tumor cells. IDO activity is associated with immunosuppression and immune attenuation. Several studies showed that IDO can contribute to immune escape when expressed directly in tumor cells or when expressed in immunosuppressive antigen presenting cells such as tolerogenic dendritic cells or tumor associated macrophages. IDO also is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by pathological immune suppression.
FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. FABP2 may also help maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor.
Produced by macrophages, IFN-alpha have antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase.
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