4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain, also known as 4F2 heavy chain antigen, Lymphocyte activation antigen 4F2 large subunit, CD98, SLC3A2 and MDU1, is a single-pass type I I membrane protein that belongs to the SLC3A transporter family. SLC3A2/MDU1 is expressed ubiquitously in all tissues tested with highest levels detected in kidney, placenta and testis and weakest level in thymus. During gestation, expression in the placenta is significantly stronger at full-term than at the mid-trimester stage. SLC3A2/MDU1 is expressed in HUVECS and at low levels in resting peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and quiescent fibroblasts. It is expressed in fetal liver and in the astrocytic process of primary astrocytic gliomas. SLC3A2/MDU1 is also expressed in retinal endothelial cells and in the intestinal epithelial cell line Caco2-BBE. SLC3A2/MDU1 is required for the function of light chain amino-acid transporters. It is involved in sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan. SLC3A2/MDU1 is involved in guiding and targeting of LAT1 and LAT2 to the plasma membrane. When associated with SLC7A6 or SLC7A7, SLC3A2/MDU1 acts as an arginine/glutamine exchanger, following an antiport mechanism for amino acid transport, influencing arginine release in exchange for extracellular amino acids. SLC3A2/MDU1 plays a role in nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via transport of L-arginine. It is required for normal and neoplastic cell growth. When associated with SLC7A5/LAT1, SLC3A2/MDU1 is also involved in the transport of L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier, and that of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) across the cell membrane in tissues such as placenta.
SLC45A3, also named as prostein, is a prostate tissue-specific protein whose expression is highly restricted to normal and cancerous prostate tissues. Anti-prostein is useful for the identification of prostate adenocarcinomas and is a good marker to identify prostatic origin in metastatic cancer.
L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), also known as Solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5), is a high-affinity neutral transporter of larger amino acids. It facilitates the cellular amino acid uptake in a sodium independent manner and selectively transports D-and L-isomers of small neutral amino acids. LAT1 also regulates amino acid exchange in conjunction with solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5). Transport of thyroid hormones across the placenta is established via LAT1 during normal fetal development. LAT1 promotes neuronal cell proliferation by regulating the transport of amino acids across the blood brain barrier. LAT1 is upregulated in various cancer types including breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and gliomas. High expression of LAT1 is detected in non-small cell lung cancer with lymph node metastases. Increased LAT1 expression is a novel biomarker of high-grade malignancy in prostate cancers. Inhibition of LAT1 suppresses tumor cell growth in several tumor types.
SLFN11 is a nuclear protein that belongs to the Schlafen (SLFN) family of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and growth inhibition. Expression of SLFN11 predicts sensitivity of cancer cell lines to DNA-damaging agents. Evidence suggests that in the presence of DNA-targeted therapies, SLFN11 is recruited to stressed replication forks where it blocks replication, leading to cell death.
Enables RNA nuclease activity and ribosome binding activity. Involved in apoptotic signaling pathway and rRNA catabolic process. Part of cytosol and nucleus.
Snail family transcriptional repressor 2(SNAI2) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a member of the Snail family of C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factors. The encoded protein acts as a transcriptional repressor that binds to E-box motifs and is also likely to repress E-cadherin transcription in breast carcinoma. This protein is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and has antiapoptotic activity. Mutations in this gene may be associated with sporatic cases of neural tube defects.
Promotes apoptosis by activating caspases in the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 pathway. Acts by opposing the inhibitory activity of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP). Inhibits the activity of BIRC6/bruce by inhibiting its binding to caspases. Isoform 3 attenuates the stability and apoptosis-inhibiting activity of XIAP/BIRC4 by promoting XIAP/BIRC4 ubiquitination and degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Isoform 3 also disrupts XIAP/BIRC4 interacting with processed caspase-9 and promotes caspase-3 activation. Isoform 1 is defective in the capacity to down-regulate the XIAP/BIRC4 abundance.
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