Hexokinase 2 (HK2), a rate-limiting enzyme in the first step of the glycolysis pathway, expresses at a high level in cancer cells compared with normal cells. HK2 provides a new target for cancer therapy due to its pivotal role in tumor tumourigenic and metastatic processes. The glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) is crucial for the Warburg effect in human glioma, the most common malignant brain tumor. Althoμgh absent in most adult tissues, hexokinase 2 (HK2) is expressed in a majority of tumors and contributes to increased glucose consumption and to in vivo tumor 18F-FDG PET signaling. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is a rate-determining enzyme in aerobic glycolysis, a process upregulated in tumor cells. HK2 expression is controlled by various transcription factors and epigenetic alterations and is heterogeneous in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), thoμgh the cause of this heterogeneity is not known.
GP100 Plays a central role in the biogenesis of melanosomes. Involved in the maturation of melanosomes from stage I to II. The transition from stage I melanosomes to stage II melanosomes involves an elongation of the vesicle, and the appearance within of distinct fibrillar structures.
The HPV16 E7 protein plays a role in viral genome replication by driving entry of quiescent cells into the cell cycle. E7 protein has both transforming and trans-activating activities. It plays also a role in the inhibition of both antiviral and antiproliferative functions of host interferon alpha.
NY-ESO-1 is a well-known cancer-testis antigen (CTAs) with re-expression in numerous cancer types. Its ability to elicit spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses, together with its restricted expression pattern, have rendered it a good candidate target for cancer immunotherapy. Optimally assembled peptide-HLA-B2M trimer translocates to the surface of antigen-presenting cells, where it interacts with TCR and CD8 coreceptor on the surface of T cells.
The WT1 protein plays an important role in cellular development and cell survival. Regulates the expression of numerous target genes, including EPO. Plays an essential role for development of the urogenital system. It has a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogenic role in tumor formation.
Porphobilinogen Deaminase (HMBS) is a member of the HMBS family. PBGD is the third enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the head to tail condensation of four porphobilinogen molecules into the linear hydroxymethylbilane. HMBS is involved in the production of heme, which is important for all of the body's organs, although it is most abundant in the blood, bone marrow, and liver. In addition, Heme is an essential component of iron-containing proteins called hemoproteins, including hemoglobin. Defects in PBGD are the cause of acute intermittent porphyria.
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