Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase (VHR) is classified as a dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP); and the other name is dual-specificity phosphatase 3 (DUSP3). DUSPs are a heterogeneous group of protein phosphatases that can dephosphorylate both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine residues within the one substrate. Unlike typical DUSPs; VHR lacks mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-binding domain; and shows poor activity against MAPKs. VHR often act on bisphosphorylated protein substrates; it displays a strong preference for dephosphorylating phosphotyrosine residues over phosphothreonine residues. VHR has been identified as a novel regulator of extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs). VHR is responsible for the rapid inactivation of ERK following stimulation and for its repression in quiescent cells. VHR is a negative regulator of the Erk and Jnk pathways in T cells and; therefore; may play a role in aspects of T lymphocyte physiology that depend on these kinases.
Human Interleukin-36 Receptor Antagonist (IL-36RN) is a secreted protein which belongs to the Interleukin 1 cytokine family (IL-1 family). IL-36RN is predominantly expressed in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts, endothelial cells or melanocytes. IL-36RN is also detected in the spleen, brain leukocyte and macrophage cell types. Increased in lesional psoriasis skin. IL-36RN is a highly and a specific antagonist of the IL-1 receptor-related protein 2-mediated response to Interleukin 1 family member 9 (IL1F9). Dysregulated expression of novel agonistic and antagonistic IL-1 family member ligands can promote cutaneous inflammation, revealing potential novel targets for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Human and mouse IL-36RN share 90% sequence identity.
CD123; also known as Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha; belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. In mouse; there are two classes of high-affinity IL3 receptors. One contains an IL3-specific beta subunit and the other contains the beta subunit also shared by high-affinity IL5 and GM-CSF receptors. CD123 stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic cells including the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage committed cells. CD123 is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit alone binds IL-3 with low affinity. The beta subunit does not bind IL-3 by itself but is required for the high affinity binding of IL-3 to the heterodimeric receptor complex.
CD123; also known as Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha; belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. In mouse; there are two classes of high-affinity IL3 receptors. One contains an IL3-specific beta subunit and the other contains the beta subunit also shared by high-affinity IL5 and GM-CSF receptors. CD123 stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic cells including the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage-committed cells. CD123 is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit alone binds IL-3 with low affinity. The beta subunit does not bind IL-3 by itself but is required for the high-affinity binding of IL-3 to the heterodimeric receptor complex.
Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha, also known as IL-3 receptor subunit alpha, IL-3R-alpha, CD123, and IL3RA, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family and Type 5 subfamily. The WSXWS motif of IL3RA appears to be necessary for proper protein folding and thereby efficient intracellular transport and cell-surface receptor binding. The box one motif of IL3RA is required for JAK interaction and / or activation. IL3RA represents a unique marker for primitive leukemic stem cells. Targeting of IL3RA may be a promising strategy for the preferential ablation of AML cells. Aberrant IL3RA expression is a good marker for monitoring of minimal residual disease. IL3RA is strongly expressed in various leukemic blasts and leukemic stem cells and seems to be an excellent target for the therapy of leukemias. Recent studies have shown that interleukin-3 receptor alpha (CD123) is highly expressed on leukemia stem cells of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, and is correlated with tumor load and poor prognosis. CD123 was highly expressed in the bone marrow of the patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), significantly correlated with the proportion of bone marrow blasts, and thus might be the marker of MDS malignant clone. IL3RA is also a useful new marker for distinguishing B-cell disorders with circulating villous lymphocytes as its expression is characteristic of typical hairy cell leukemia (HCL) with high sensitivity and specificity.
CD123, also known as Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha, belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. In mouse, there are two classes of high-affinity IL3 receptors. One contains an IL3-specific beta subunit and the other contains the beta subunit also shared by high-affinity IL5 and GM-CSF receptors. CD123 stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic cells including the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage‑committed cells. CD123 is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit alone binds IL‑3 with low affinity. The beta subunit does not bind IL‑3 by itself but is required for the high‑affinity binding of IL‑3 to the heterodimeric receptor complex.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates diverse T and B cell responses including cell proliferation, survival and gene expression. IL-4 is produced by mast cells, T cells, and bone marrow stromal cells. IL-4 regulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into helper Th2 cells, characterized by their cytokine-secretion profile that includes secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13, which favor a humoral immune response. Another dominant function of IL-4 is the regulation of immunoglobulin class switching to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes. Excessive IL-4 production by Th2 cells has been associated with elevated IgE production and allergic response.
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