Inhibin beta C chain; also known as activin beta-C chain and INHBC; belongs to the TGF-beta family. INHBC forms a homodimeric or heterodimeric through association with alpha and beta subunits; linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibins are heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunit. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of beta subunits only. Inhibins/activins regulates many physiological processes; such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion; gonadal hormone secretion; germ cell development and maturation; erythroid differentiation; insulin secretion; nerve cell survival; embryonic axial development or bone growth and so on.
Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion; gonadal hormone secretion; germ cell development and maturation; erythroid differentiation; insulin secretion; nerve cell survival; embryonic axial development or bone growth; depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins;Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate; respectively; the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland.
Inositol Polyphosphate 1-Phosphatase (INPP1) is a member of the inositol monophosphatase family. INPP1 is widely expressed in tissues, with highest expression levels observed in the pancreas and kidney. INPP1 is inhibited by Li+. Removing the phosphate group at position 1 of the inositol ring from the polyphosphates inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4-trisphophosphate. INPP1 is involved in signal transduction and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway.
Type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase is a 412 amino acids protein that belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type I family. Type I inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the INPP5A gene. It is expressed in brain and high level in Purkinje cells. InsP3 5-phosphatases hydrolyze Ins(1,4,5)P3, which mobilizes intracellular calcium and acts as a second messenger mediating cell responses to various stimulation.
Insulin-like 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INSL3 gene. It is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. It is expressed in prenatal and postnatal Leydig cells and found as well in the corpus luteum, trophoblast, fetal membranes and breast. It may act as a hormone to regulate growth and differentiation of gubernaculum, and thus mediating intra-abdominal testicular descent.It is a ligand for LGR8 receptor.
Early Placenta Insulin-Like Peptide (INSL4) belongs to the insulin family. INSL4 is expressed in the early placental cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast INSL4 is a secreted protein and a precursor that undergoes post-translational cleavage to produce 3 polypeptide chains, A-C, that form tertiary structures composed of either all three chains, or just the A and B chains. INSL4 plays an important role in the development of trophoblast and in the regulation of bone formation.
After removal of the precursor signal peptide, proinsulin is post-translationally cleaved into three peptides: the B chain and A chain peptides, which are covalently linked via two disulfide bonds to form insulin, and C-peptide. Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (INSR) stimulates glucose uptake.
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