Interleukin-13 is also known as IL-13. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene. Interleukin-13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced primarily by activated Th2 cells.It is involved in several stages of B-cell maturation and differentiation. It up-regulates CD23 and MHC class II expression, and promotes IgE isotype switching of B cells. This cytokine down-regulates macrophage activity, thereby inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This cytokine is found to be critical to the pathogenesis of allergen-induced asthma but operates through mechanisms independent of IgE and eosinophils.
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a single-chain glycosylated polypeptide, which belongs to the IL-13/IL-4 family. IL-13 protein is secreted by many cell types, but especially by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. IL-13 exerts its effects through a multi-subunit receptor comprising the alpha chain of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα) and at least one of two known IL-13-specific binding chains (IL-13 Rα1 and IL-13 Rα2). As a cytokine, IL-13 protein is critical in regulating inflammatory, immune responses and diseases. In addition, it inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thus down-regulates macrophage activity. IL-13 protein and antibody is more importantly implicated as a central mediator of immunoregulatory processes in various cell types.
Human Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that regulates T cell and natural killer cell activation and proliferation. IL-15 binds to the alpha subunit of the IL15 receptor (IL-15RA) with high affinity. IL-15 also binds to the beta and gamma chains of the IL-2 receptor, but not the alpha subunit of the IL2 receptor. IL-15 is structurally and functionally related to IL-2. Both cytokines share some subunits of receptors, allowing them to compete for and negatively regulate each other's activity. The number of CD8+ memory T cells is controlled by a balance between IL-15 and IL-2. Despite their many overlapping functional properties, IL-2 and IL-15 are, in fact, quite distinct players in the immune system. IL-15 is constitutively expressed by a wide variety of cell types and tissues, including monocytes, macrophages and DCs. Mature Human IL-15 shares 70% amino acid sequence identity with Mouse and Rat IL-15.
Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a CD8+ T cell-derived cytokine that induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ monocytes and eosinophils. Analysis by gel filtration suggests that, under physiological conditions, human IL-16 exists predominantly as a noncovalently linked multimer, but that some IL-16 may exist as a monomer. However, only the multimeric form appears to possess chemotactic activity, suggesting that receptor cross-linking may be required for activity. IL-16 also induces expression of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and MHC class II molecules on CD4+ T cells. Human and murine IL-16 show significant cross-species reactivity.
Interleukin-17 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by activated memory T cells. There are at least six members of the IL-17 family in humans and in mice. As IL-17 shares properties with IL-1 and TNF-alpha; it may induce joint inflammation and bone and cartilage destruction. This cytokine is found in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis; and produced by rheumatoid arthritis synovium. It increases IL-6 production; induces collagen degradation and decreases collagen synthesis by synovium and cartilage and proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage. IL-17 is also able to increase bone destruction and reduce its formation. Blocking of interleukin-17 with specific inhibitors provides a protective inhibition of cartilage and bone degradation.
Inserisci la tua e-mail e seleziona le aree di interesse per ricevere le ultime novità, approfondimenti e promozioni.
Seleziona uno o più ambiti di interesse per ricevere comunicazioni più utili e mirate.
2025 TEMA Ricerca - All Rights Reserved.
