KIR2DL4, also known as CD158d, is a member of the killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family. KIRs are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous. KIR2DL4 is expressed in all NK cells and some T cells. KIR2DL4 activates the cytotoxicity of NK cells, despite the presence of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic tail. The ITIM was not necessary for activation of lysis by KIR2DL4. The activation signal of KIR2DL4 was sensitive to inhibition by another ITIM-containing receptor. The activation-deficient mutant of KIR2DL4 inhibited the signal delivered by the activating receptor CD16.
Periostin ( POSTN ), also known as OSF2 (osteoblast specific factor 2), is a heterofunctional secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) protein comprised of four fasciclin domains that promotes cellular adhesion and movement, as well as collagen fibrillogenesis. Postn is expressed in unique growth centers during embryonic development where it facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of select cell populations undergoing reorganization. In the adult, Postn expression is specifically induced in areas of tissue injury or areas with ongoing cellular re-organization. In the adult heart Postn is induced in the ventricles following myocardial infarction, pressure overload stimulation, or generalized cardiomyopathy. Although the detailed function of Postn is still unclear, Postn-integrin interaction is thought to be involved in tumor development. Postn is frequently overexpressed in various types of human cancers, stimulating metastatic growth by promoting cancer cell survival, invasion and angiogenesis, and can be a useful marker to predict the behavior of cancer.
Periostin (POSTN,PN),originally named as osteoblast-specific factor 2 (OSF-2),is a 90-kDa secreted protein which is now classified as a matricellular protein. It is present in a wide variety of normal adult tissues and fetal tissues,and has a role in bone,tooth and heart development and function. Studies show that periostin is overexpressed in a broad range of human cancer types,includidng lung,ovary,breast and colon cancers. Recent evidence reveals that periostin is expressed by fibroblasts in the normal tissue and in the stroma of the primary tumour,and it is required to allow cancer stem cell maintenance.
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an enzyme that removes phosphates covalently attached to serine and threonine residues in proteins. It contains three subunits, a catalytic subunit C (PP2Ac), an assembly/structural subunit A (PP2Aa), and a regulatory subunit B (PP2Ab). PP2A is a ubiquitous enzyme that plays a role in regulating many cellular activities varying from ion transport in erythrocytes to suppressing tumor growth. Binding of the SV40 small T antigen to the PP2A phosphatase complex is known to cause oncogenic transformation.
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