Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI2), a member of the Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor family, is a structural homologue of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). It is a 32 kDa matrix-associated glycoprotein consisting of a short amino-terminal region, three tandem Kunitz-type domains and a positively charged carboxy-terminal tail. TFPI2 inhibits plasmin-dependent activation of several metalloproteinases. TFPI2 is highly abundant in the full-term placenta and widely expressed in various adult human tissues, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, and pancreas. The expression of TFPI2 in tumors is inversely related to an increasing degree of malignancy, which may suggest a role for TFPI2 in the maintenance of tumor stability and inhibition of the growth of neoplasms. TFPI2 inhibits the tissue factor/factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) complex and a wide variety of serine proteinases including plasmin, plasma kallikrein, factor XIa, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. TFPI2 is involved in regulating pericellular proteases implicated in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes including cancer cell invasion, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis. TFPI2 has also been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis, which may contribute significantly to tumor growth inhibition.
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is the natural inhibitor of TF coagulant and signaling activities. It is a Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor that down-regulates tissue factor-initiated blood coagulation. With its Kunitz domains, TFPI exhibits significant homology with human inter-alpha-trypson inhibitor and bovin basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. TFPI is the natural inhibitor of TF coagulant and signaling activities. The importance of TFPI in the regulation of blood coagulation is emphasized by how its activity is modulated in human disease. In a factor (F) Xa-dependent feedback system, TFPI binds directly and inhibits the TF-FVII/FVIIa complex. Normally, TFPI exists in plasma both as a full-length molecule and as variably carboxy-terminal truncated forms. TFPI also circulates in complex with plasma lipoproteins. The levels and the dual inhibitor effect of TFPI on FXa and TF-FVII/FVIIa complex offers insight into the mechanisms of various pathological conditions triggered by TF. TFPI may play an important role in modulating TF-induced thrombogenesis and it may also provide a unique therapeutic approach for prophylaxis and/or treatment of various diseases. In addition, Studies have shown that TFPI exhibits antiangiogenic and antimetastatic effects in vitro and in vivo. In animal models of experimental metastasis, both circulating and tumor cell-associated TFPI are shown to significantly reduce tumor cell-induced coagulation activation and lung metastasis.
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is the natural inhibitor of TF coagulant and signaling activities. It is a Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor that down-regulates tissue factor-initiated blood coagulation. With its Kunitz domains, TFPI exhibits significant homology with human inter-alpha-trypson inhibitor and bovin basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. TFPI is the natural inhibitor of TF coagulant and signaling activities. The importance of TFPI in the regulation of blood coagulation is emphasized by how its activity is modulated in human disease. In a factor (F) Xa-dependent feedback system, TFPI binds directly and inhibits the TF-FVII/FVIIa complex. Normally, TFPI exists in plasma both as a full-length molecule and as variably carboxy-terminal truncated forms. TFPI also circulates in complex with plasma lipoproteins. The levels and the dual inhibitor effect of TFPI on FXa and TF-FVII/FVIIa complex offers insight into the mechanisms of various pathological conditions triggered by TF. TFPI may play an important role in modulating TF-induced thrombogenesis and it may also provide a unique therapeutic approach for prophylaxis and/or treatment of various diseases. In addition, studies have shown that TFPI exhibits antiangiogenic and antimetastatic effects in vitro and in vivo. In animal models of experimental metastasis, both circulating and tumor cell-associated TFPI are shown to significantly reduce tumor cell-induced coagulation activation and lung metastasis.
TGF alpha is a mitogenic polypeptide that is able to bind to the EGF receptor/EGFR and to act synergistically with TGF beta to promote anchorage-independent cell proliferation in soft agar.
TGF-beta 1 is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family. The transforming growth factor-beta family of polypeptides are involved in the regulation of cellular processes, including cell division, differentiation, motility, adhesion and death. TGF-beta 1 positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. It inhibits the secretion and activity of many other cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and various interleukins. It can also decrease the expression levels of cytokine receptors. Meanwhile, TGF-beta 1 also increases the expression of certain cytokines in T cells and promotes their proliferation, particularly if the cells are immature. TGF-beta 1 also inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis of B cells, and plays a role in controlling the expression of antibody, transferrin and MHC class II proteins on immature and mature B cells. TGF-beta 1 is a multifunctional protein that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. It plays an important role in bone remodeling as it is a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Once cells lose their sensitivity to TGF-beta1-mediated growth inhibition, autocrine TGF-beta signaling can promote tumorigenesis. Elevated levels of TGF-beta1 are often observed in advanced carcinomas, and have been correlated with increased tumor invasiveness and disease progression.
TGF-beta 1 is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family. The transforming growth factor-beta family of polypeptides are involved in the regulation of cellular processes, including cell division, differentiation, motility, adhesion and death. TGF-beta 1 positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. It inhibits the secretion and activity of many other cytokines including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and various interleukins. It can also decrease the expression levels of cytokine receptors. Meanwhile, TGF-beta 1 also increases the expression of certain cytokines in T cells and promotes their proliferation, particularly if the cells are immature. TGF-beta 1 also inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis of B cells, and plays a role in controlling the expression of antibody, transferrin and MHC class II proteins on immature and mature B cells. As for myeloid cells, TGF-beta 1can inhibit their proliferation and prevent their production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. However, as with other cell types, TGF-beta 1 also has the opposite effect on cells of myeloid origin. TGF-beta 1 is a multifunctional protein that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. It plays an important role in bone remodeling as it is a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Once cells lose their sensitivity to TGF-beta1-mediated growth inhibition, autocrine TGF-beta signaling can promote tumorigenesis. Elevated levels of TGF-beta1 are often observed in advanced carcinomas, and have been correlated with increased tumor invasiveness and disease progression.
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