Trypsin-2, also known as Trypsin II, Anionic trypsinogen, Serine protease 2, PRSS2 and TRY2, is a secreted protein that belongs to the trypsin serine protease family including Trypsin, PRSS1, PRSS2 and PRSS3. It consists of a signal peptide (residues 1-15), a pro region (residues 16-23), and a proteolytically active mature chain (residues 24-247). PRSS2 contains one peptidase S1 domain. It is secreted into the duodenum, hydrolysing peptides into their smaller building blocks, which is necessary for the uptake of protein in the food. It is secreted by the pancreas in the form of inactive zymogen, trypsinogen and cleaved to its active form in the small intestine when the pancreas is stimulated by cholecystokinin throμgh the common activation mechanism.
Trypsin-3, also known as Trypsin III, brain trypsinogen, Serine protease 3 and PRSS3, is a secreted protein which belongs to thepeptidase S1 family. Trypsin-3 / PRSS3 is expressed is in pancreas and brain. It contains onepeptidase S1 domain. Trypsin-3 / PRSS3 can degrade intrapancreatic trypsin inhibitors that protect against CP. Genetic variants that cause higher mesotrypsin activity might increase the risk for chronic pancreatitis (CP). A sustained imbalance of pancreatic proteases and their inhibitors seems to be important for the development of CP. The trypsin inhibitor-degrading activity qualified PRSS3 as a candidate for a novel CP susceptibility gene. Trypsin-3 / PRSS3 has been implicated as a putative tumor suppressor gene due to its loss of expression, which is correlated with promoter hypermethylation, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma.
Tryptases are Trypsin-like Serine Proteases. β-Tryptases are the main isoenzymes in mast cells. Βtryptases form active tetramers with heparin proteoglycan. In the tetramer, the unique arrangement of the active sites facing a narrow central pore, β-Tryptases are resistant to macromolecule protease inhibitors . When mast cells are activated, β-Tryptases are released and participate in provoking inflammatory conditions . β-Tryptases have been implicated as mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic disorders.
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1, also known as Tryptophan 5-monooxygenase 1, Tryptophan hydroxylase 1, TPH1, TPH and TPRH, is anenzyme which belongs to thebiopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family. TPH1 contains oneACT domain. Tryptophan hydroxylase catalyzes the biopterin-dependent monooxygenation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HT), which is subsequently decarboxylated to form the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. TPH1 expression is limited to a few specialized tissues: raphe neurons, pinealocytes, mast cells, mononuclear leukocytes, beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans, and intestinal and pancreatic enterochromaffin cells.The tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene is also reported to be associated with suicidal behavior. Polymorphisms of TPH1 may assist in identifying a subgroup of mood disorder patients that is at higher risk for suicidal behavior.
TSC22 domain family, member 1 (TSC22D1) is one of the TGF-beta-stimulated clone-22 (TSC-22). TSC-22 was reported to be a differentiation-inducing factor which negatively regulates the growth of salivary gland cancer cells. TSC22D1, which encodes transforming growth factor beta-stimulated clone 22 (TSC-22), is thought to be a tumor suppressor because its expression is lost in many glioblastoma, salivary gland, and prostate cancers. TSC-22 is the founding member of the TSC-22/DIP/Bun family of leucine zipper transcription factors. TSC-22 may play an important role in maintaining the differentiated phenotype in salivary gland tumors, and may be a possible target of leukemia therapy. TSC22D1 forms homodimers via its conserved leucine zipper domain and heterodimerizes with TSC22D4. TSC22D1 has transcriptional repressor activity.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a novel member of the hemopoietic cytokine family that promotes the development of B cells and shares overlapping activity with IL-7. The human TSLP protein comprises a 28 amino acids (aa) signal sequence and 131 aa mature region. Human TSLP has two isoforms lfTSLP and sfTSLP produced by alternative splicing . lfTSLP is expressed in a number of tissues including heart, liver and prostate, and sfTSLP (63aa) is predominantly expressed in keratinocytes of oral mucosa, skin and in salivary glands. In aa sequence level, Human TSLP displays about 43% identity with mouse TSLP.TSLP is a cytokine that functions mainly on myeloid cells; it induces the release of T cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes and enhances the maturation of CD11c(+) dendritic cells.TSLP has proliferative effects on the myeloid cell line and may initiate asthma or atopic dermatitis responses by directly activating mast cells . TSLP signals cells via the interleukin-7 receptor-α chain (IL-7Rα),shared with IL-7, together with the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) subunit. Recent studies indicate that TSLP and its receptor are novel therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis,for increased intraarticular TSLP concentrations in patients has caused chemotaxis and activation of arthritogenic T cells.
Receptor for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Forms a functional complex with TSLP and IL7R which is capable of stimulating cell proliferation through activation of STAT3 and STAT5. Also activates JAK2 (By similarity). Implicated in the development of the hematopoietic system. TSLP R expression is ubiquitous in the immune and hematopoietic cells, but is up-regulated in Th2-skewed cells. Cells expressing TSLP R alone bind TSLP with low affinity. Co-expression of TSLP R and IL-7 R alpha is required for high-affinity TSLP binding and signal transduction . The TSLP R and IL-7 R alpha are coexpressed primarily on monocytes and dendritic cells and at lower levels in lymphoid cells. TSLP has been shown to induce the release of T cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes and enhance the maturation of CD11c+ dendritic cells.
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