C-X-C Motif Chemokine 5 (CXCL5) is a member of the Intercrine Alpha (Chemokine CXC) family. CXCL5 can be cleaved into the following two chains, ENA-78 (8-78) and ENA-78 (9-78). In vitro, ENA-78(8-78) and ENA-78 (9-78) show a threefold higher chemotactic activity for neutrophil granulocytes. CXCL5 is a secreted protein and exercises the functions primarily through interactions with CXCR2. The upregulation of CXCL5 contributes to increased vascularization, tumor grown, and metastasis in many cancers.
Human Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 7 (CXCL7); also known as neutrophil activating peptide 2 (NAP-2); is a member of the CXC chemokines containing an ELR domain (Glu-Leu-Arg tripeptide motif). Similar to other ELR domain containing CXC chemokines; such as IL-8 and the GRO proteins; CXCL7 binds CXCR2; chemoattracts and activates neutrophils. CXCL7; Connective Tissue Activating Protein III (CTAPIII) and βthrombogulin (βTG); are proteolytically processed carboxylterminal fragments of platelet basic protein (PBP) which is found in the alphagranules of human platelets. Although CTAPIII; βTG; and PBP represent amino-terminal extended variants of NAP2 and possess the same CXC chemokine domains; these proteins do not exhibit CXCL7/NAP2 activity. CXCL7 induces cell migration through the G-protein-linked receptor CXCR-2.
Pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP) is also known as Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 (CXCL7) and nucleosome assembly protein (Nap-2). Nap-2 / PPBP / CXCL7 is released in large amounts from platelets following their activation and is a platelet-derived growth factor that belongs to the CXC chemokine family. This growth factor is a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils. Nap-2 / PPBP / CXCL7 has been shown to stimulate various cellular processes including DNA synthesis, mitosis, glycolysis, intracellular cAMP accumulation, prostaglandin E2 secretion, and synthesis of hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycan. It also stimulates the formation and secretion of plasminogen activator by synovial cells. Nap-2 is a ligand for CXCR1 and CXCR2, and Nap-2, Nap-2 (73), Nap-2 (74), Nap-2 (1-66), and most potent Nap-2 (1-63) are chemoattractants and activators for neutrophils.
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9, MIG), is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. CXCL9 functions as one of the three ligands of chemokine receptor CXCR3 which is a G protein-coupled receptor found predominantly on T cells. It together with CXCL10 and CXCL11, may activate CXCR3 by binding to it. CXCL9 serves as a cytokine that affects the growth, movement, or activation state of cells that participate in immune and inflammatory response. It has been observed that tumour endothelial cells secrete high levels of CXCL9 in all, and CXCL10 in most melanoma metastases. it plays an important role in CD4+ T lymphocyte recruitment and development of CAV, MOMA-2+ macrophages are the predominant recipient-derived source of CXCL9, and recipient CD4 lymphocytes are necessary for sustained CXCL9 production and CAV development in this model.
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