As a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, EGFR protein is type I transmembrane glycoprotein that binds a subset of EGF family ligands including EGF, amphiregulin, TGF-α, betacellulin, etc. EGFR protein plays a crucial role in signaling pathway in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Binding of a ligand induces EGFR protein homo- or heterodimerization, the subsequent tyrosine autophosphorylation and initiates various down stream pathways (MAPK, PI3K/PKB and STAT). In addition, EGFR signaling also has been shown to exert action on carcinogenesis and disease progression, and thus EGFR protein is proposed as a target for cancer therapy currently.
Endoglin, also known as CD105, is a type I , homodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein with a large, disulfide-linked, extracellular region and a short, constitutively phosphorylated cytoplasmic tail. Endoglin contains an RGD tripeptide which is a key recognition structure in cellular adhesion,,suggesting a critical role for endoglin in the binding of endothelial cells to integrins and/or other RGD receptors. Endoglin is highly expressed on vascular endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and syncytiotrophoblasts of term placenta. It is also found on activated monocytes, mesenchymal stem cells and leukemic cells of lymphoid and myeloid lineages. As an accessory receptor for the TGF-β superfamily ligands, endoglin binds TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 with high affinity not by itself but by associating with TGF-β type I ,I receptor (TβRII) and activates the downstream signal pathways. In addition, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, ALK-1 is also a receptor kinase for endoglin threonine phosphorylation, and mutations in either of the two genes result in the autosomal-dominant vascular dysplasia, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Endoglin has been regarded as a powerful biomarker of neovascularization, and is associated with several solid tumor types.
ENPEP, also known as aminopeptidase A, is a member of the peptidase M1 family. Members of this family are involved in response to cadmium ion and proteolysis. They located in 6 components and are expressed in 26 plant structures. ENPEP is expressed by epithelial cells of the proximal tubule cells and the glomerulus of the nephron. It also can be detected in a variety of other tissues. ENPEP probably plays a role in regulating growth and differentiation of early B-lineage cells. It also may play a role in the catabolic pathway of the renin-angiotensin system. ENPEP is a zinc-dependent membrane-bound aminopeptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of glutamatic and aspartatic amino acid residues from the N-terminus of polypeptides. It degrades vasoconstricting angiotensin II into angiotensin III and therefore helps to regulate blood pressure.
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase / phosphodiesterase family member 7, also known as Alkaline sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, Intestinal alkaline sphingomyelinase, Alk-Smase, ENPP7 and NPP-7, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to thenucleotide pyrophosphatase / phosphodiesterase family. ENPP7 / NPP-7 is expressed in the intestines and human bile. ENPP7 / NPP-7 is localized at the surface of the microvillar membrane in small intestine enterocytes, as well as in endosome-like structures and in Golgi complex. The main function of ENPP7 / NPP-7 is to convert the dietary sphingomyelin into ceramide, the sphingolipid messengers via hydrolyzation. ENPP7 / NPP-7 is also reported to exert a phospholipase C activity toward palmitoyl lyso-phosphocholine. The activity of this enzyme is inhibited in a dose dependent manner by ATP, imidazole, orthovanadate and zinc ion. Further, It has been shown in studies that decreased levels of ENPP7 / NPP-7 may be associated with human colon cancer.
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5 (ENTPD5), also known as CD39 antigen-like 4, ER-UDPase, Guanosine-diphosphatase ENTPD5, Nucleoside diphosphatase Uridine-diphosphatase ENTPD5. This hydrolase is expressed in response to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Activation of PI3K results in FOXO phosphorylation by AKT1 and loss of ENTPD5 transcriptional repression. It is Up-regulated in PTEN-deficient cells. Uridine diphosphatase (UDPase) that promotes protein N-glycosylation and ATP level regulation.ENTPD5 promotes protein N-glycosylation and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as elevated ATP consumption in the cytosol via an ATP hydrolysis cycle. Together with CMPK1 and AK1, ENTPD5 constitutes an ATP hydrolysis cycle that converts ATP to AMP and results in a compensatory increase in aerobic glycolysis. ENTPD5 also hydrolyzes GDP and IDP but not any other nucleoside di-, mono- or triphosphates, nor thiamine pyrophosphate. This enzyme Plays a key role in the AKT1-PTEN signaling pathway by promoting glycolysis in proliferating cells in response to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling.
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