Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family and PPIase A subfamily. Cyclophilins(CyPs) are a family of proteins found in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans. These molecules exhibit peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, suggesting that they influence the conformation of proteins in cells. Cyclophilin A accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Cyclophilin A can interact with several HIV proteins, including p55 gag, Vpr, and capsid protein, and has been shown to be necessary for the formation of infectious HIV virions.
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, also known as PPIase A, Rotamase A, Cyclophilin A, Cyclosporin A-binding protein, PPIA and CYPA, is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to thecyclophilin-type PPIase family and PPIase A subfamily. Cyclophilins (CyPs) are a family of proteins found in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans. These molecules exhibit peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, suggesting that they influence the conformation of proteins in cells. PPIA / Cyclophilin A accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIA / Cyclophilin A is secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells in response to inflammatory stimuli, and could thus contribute to atherosclerosis. It is not essential for mammalian cell viability. PPIA / Cyclophilin A can interact with several HIV proteins, including p55 gag, Vpr, and capsid protein, and has been shown to be necessary for the formation of infectious HIV virions.
Cystatin C is a member of family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. It is ubiquitous in human tissues and body fluids and mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Cystatin C inhibits many cysteine proteases such as papain and Cathepsins B, H, K, L and S. As an inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, Cystatin C is thought to serve an important physiological role as a local regulator of this enzyme activity. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain disorders involving amyloid (a specific type of protein deposition), such as Alzheimer's disease.
The cystatin superfamily members are important natural cysteine protease inhibitors present in a wide variety of organisms and are divided into three classes. Cystatin F, also known as leukocystatin and CMAP (Cystatin-like Metastasis-Associated Protein), is a type 2 cystatin and its expression is limited to hematopoietic cells, with the highest expression levels being observed in monocytes, dendritic cells, and certain types of T-cells. Furthermore, cystatin F mRNA becomes up-regulated during dendritic cell maturation, and thus suggests a specific role of cystatin F in immune regulation. Cystatin F is produced as a dimer, an inactive cathepsin inhibitor which is activated by chemical reduction. In addition, Cystatin F and its homologues have been observed expressing in various human cancer cell lines established from malignant tumors, and thus indicates a new diagnosis and prevention approach of certain human carcinomas metastasis.
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