Neuropilin is a type I transmembrane protein and the molecular mass is 120 kDa. Two homologs, Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2, are identified. The primary structure of Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2 is well conserved and is divided into four domains, CUB (a1/a2) domain, FV/FVIII (b1/b2) domain, MAM (c) domain, and (d) domain that contains a transmembrane and a short cytoplasmic region. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) acts as a receptor for two different extracellular ligands, class 3 semaphorins, and specific isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor. The functions of NRP1 and NRP2 have been extensively studied in neurons where they act in axon guidance and in endothelial cells where they promote angiogenesis and cell migration. Neuropilin-1 is likely to mediate contacts between the dendritic cells and the T lymphocytes via homotypic interactions and is essential for the initiation of the primary immune response. NRP1 is a co-receptor for VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) that enhances the binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR2 and VEGF165-mediated chemotaxis. NRP1 expression is regulated in EC by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the transcription factors dHAND and Ets-1, and vascular injury. NRP1 upregulation is positively correlated with the progression of various tumors. Overexpression of NRPI in rat tumor cells results in enlarged tumors and substantially enhanced tumor angiogenesis. On the other hand, soluble NRP1 (sNRP1) is an antagonist of tumor angiogenesis.
Neuroserpin, also known as Protease inhibitor 12 and SERPINI1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the serpin family. Neuroserpin is a serine protease inhibitor that inhibits plasminogen activators and plasmin but not thrombin. Serine protease inhibitors of the serpin superfamily are involved in many cellular processes. Neuroserpin was first identified as a protein secreted from the axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroserpin is predominantly expressed in the brain, and is expressed in the late stages of neurogenesis during the process of synapse formation. Overexpression of neuroserpin in an anterior pituitary corticotroph cell line results in the extension of neurite-like processes, suggesting that neuroserpin may play a role in cell communication, cell adhesion, and/or cell migration. Neuroserpin may be involved in the formation or reorganization of synaptic connections, as well as synaptic plasticity in the adult nervous system. Neuroserpin may also protect neurons from cell damage by tissue-type plasminogen activator. Defects of neuroserpin are the cause of familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FEN1B).
Neutrophil Elastase is hematopoietic serine protease that belongs to the chymotrypsin superfamily and plays a critical role in the innate immune function of mature neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophil elastase is actively synthesized as an inactive zymogen in myelocytic precursor cells of the bone marrow, which then undergoes activation by limited proteolysis and sorting to primary (azurophil) storage granules of mature neutrophil granulocytes for regulated release. Research studies have shown that neutrophils play a significant role in mediating the inflammatory response through the release of neutrophil elastase, which activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and degrades components of the extracellular matrix and Gram-negative bacteria. Mutations in the gene encoding neutrophil elastase, ELA2, have been implicated in hematological diseases such as cyclic and severe congenital neutropenia, which is characterized by defects in promyelocyte maturation.
This gene encodes a protein that is similar to some members of the ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) family of proteins that are thought to link cytoskeletal components with proteins in the cell membrane. This gene product has been shown to interact with cell-surface proteins, proteins involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and proteins involved in regulating ion transport. This gene is expressed at high levels during embryonic development; in adults, significant expression is found in Schwann cells, meningeal cells, lens and nerve. Mutations in this gene are associated with neurofibromatosis type II which is characterized by nervous system and skin tumors and ocular abnormalities. Two predominant isoforms and a number of minor isoforms are produced by alternatively spliced transcripts.
NFIB is essential for proper brain development and transcription activates GFAP. NFIB recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' present in viral and cellular promoters and in the origin of replication of adenovirus type 2. These proteins are individually capable of activating transcription and replication.
NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. In a non-canonical activation pathway, the MAP3K14-activated CHUK/IKKA homodimer phosphorylates NFKB2/p100 associated with RelB, inducing its proteolytic processing to NFKB2/p52 and the formation of NF-kappa-B RelB-p52 complexes. NFKB2 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p100 and generation of p52 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p52 and p100 and preserves their independent function.
NFKB2(nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2) Homo sapiens This gene encodes a subunit of the transcription factor complex nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFkB). The NFkB complex is expressed in numerous cell types and functions as a central activator of genes involved in inflammation and immune function. The protein encoded by this gene can function as both a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on its dimerization partner. The p100 full-length protein is co-translationally processed into a p52 active form. Chromosomal rearrangements and translocations of this locus have been observed in B cell lymphomas, some of which may result in the formation of fusion proteins. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
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