5'-nucleotidase, also known as NT5E, NTE, and CD73, is a cell membrane protein which belongs to the5'-nucleotidase family. CD73 is a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored purine salvage enzyme expressed on the surface of human T and B lymphocytes. CD73 catalyzes the conversion of purine and pyrimidine ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates to the corresponding nucleosides. CD73 serves as a costimulatory molecule in activating T cells. CD73 generated adenosine functions in cell signalling in many physiologic systems, including intestinal epithelium, ischemic myocardium, and cholinergic synapses. CD73 might mediate lymphocyte-stromal cell interactions or condition the local microenvironment to facilitate lymphocyte development and/or function. In CD73-depleted cells, surface levels of the leukocyte adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin increase. CD73 produces extracellular adenosine, which then acts on G protein-coupled purigenic receptors to induce cellular responses. CD73 has also been reported to regulate expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in mouse endothelium.
Transfers sialic acid from the donor of substrate CMP-sialic acid to galactose containing acceptor substrates.
CD79B is a single-pass type I membrane protein. CD79B contains one Ig-like V-type domain and one ITAM domain. CD79B is required in cooperation with CD79A for initiation of the signal transduction cascade activated by the B-cell antigen receptor complex (BCR), which leads to internalization of the complex, trafficking to late endosomes and antigen presentation. CD79B enhances phosphorylation of CD79A, possibly by recruiting kinases that phosphorylate CD79A or by recruiting proteins that bind to CD79A and protect it from dephosphorylation.
The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. CD7 is a transmembrane protein which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. This protein is found on thymocytes and mature T cells. It plays an essential role in T-cell interactions and also in T-cell / B-cell interaction during early lymphoid development.
The B-lymphocyte activation antigen B7-1 (referred to as B7), also known as CD80, is a member of cell surface immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells including activated B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. As costimulatory ligands, B7-1 which exists predominantly as dimer and the related protein B7-2, interact with the costimulatory receptors CD28 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expressed on T cells, and thus constitute one of the dominant pathways that regulate T cell activation and tolerance, cytokine production, and the generation of CTL. The B7/CD28/CTLA4 pathway has the ability to both positively and negatively regulate immune responses. CD80 is thus regarded as promising therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases and various carcinomas.
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