IL-9 is a 14 kDa cytokine originally named P40 and identified by its proliferative effects on T cell populations. The receptor, which is a heterodimer of the gamma chain portion of the IL-2 receptor and the IL-9R chain, activates Jak/STAT signaling pathways upon binding its ligand. Since the discovery of IL-9, numerous other functions have been observed. It induces Th17 and Treg differentiation in CD4+ T cells, IgE production in B cells, and the differentiation and proliferation of mast cells. IL-9 expression was initially observed in Th2 cells, but has since been found in Th17, eosinophil, and mast cells. Th9 cells, a newly discovered subset of CD4+ T cells, are characterized by the secretion of large amounts of IL-9 and IL-10. Th9 development is induced by stimulation of undifferentiated CD4+ with IL-4 and TGF beta. Th2 cells can also be driven towards a Th9 phenotype in the presence of TGF beta.
CD154 is a 39 kD TNF superfamily member also known as CD40 ligand, gp39, T-BAM, TRAP, and Ly-62. CD154 is an accessory molecule expressed predominantly on activated CD4+ lymphocytes that bind CD40. CD154 plays an important role in T-B cell costimulation.
CD44 is a 80-95 kD glycoprotein also known as Hermes, Pgp1, H-CAM, or HUTCH. It is expressed on all leukocytes, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and mesenchymal cells. As B and T cells become activated or progress to the memory stage, CD44 expression increases from low or mid levels to high levels. Thus, CD44 has been reported to be a valuable marker for memory cell subsets. High CD44 expression on Treg cells has been associated with potent suppressive function via high production of IL-10. CD44 is an adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte attachment to and rolling on endothelial cells, homing to peripheral lymphoid organs and to the sites of inflammation, and leukocyte aggregation.
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