CD16 is a 60 kD highly glycosylated protein. It is a member of the Ig superfamily and is also known as B7-1, B7, and Ly-53. CD16 is constitutively expressed on dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, and inducibly expressed on activated B and T cells. The ligation of CD28 on T cells with CD16 and CD86 (B7-2) on antigen presenting cells (such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) elicits co-stimulation of T cells resulting in enhanced cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. CD16 appears to be expressed later in the immune response than CD86. CD16 can also bind to CD152, also known as CTLA-4, to deliver an inhibitory signal to T cells.
CD172a, also known as signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα), src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS1), PTPNS1, BIT, MFR, and P84, is a 75-110 kD transmembrane glycoprotein involved in receptor tyrosine kinase coupled signaling pathway. It belongs to the Ig superfamily and is primarily expressed on monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and neurons. CD172a serves as a substrate of activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The interaction of CD172a intracellular domain with SHP-1 and SHP-2 displays negative signaling in the regulation of leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, T cell activation, macrophage fusion, and phagocytosis. CD47 (IAP) is the extracellular ligand for CD172a. SIRPα was recently demonstrated to be a specifc marker for cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells2.
CD180, also known as RP105, is a 105 kD member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and is expressed on most B cells, monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. The TLR family's structural characteristics are critically involved in protein-protein signaling interactions leading to the activation of the innate immune system. Additionally, MD-1, a secretory protein, associates with CD180 (RP105) at the cell surface and this complex, in conjunction with TLR4, recognizes bacterial LPS. The human CD180 (RP105) gene maps to 5q12. The MHR73-11 antibody is able to activate B cells and to protect against irradiation- or dexamethasone-induced apoptosis.
Human CXCR3, also known as GPR9, is a chemokine receptor that binds CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. It is a 38 kD seven-pass transmembrane receptor coupled to G-protein. CXCR3 is highly expressed by T cells (Th1), natural killer cells (NK cells), dendritic cells, mast cells, alveolar macrophages, eosinophils, and human airway epithelial cells. CXCR3 is important for effector lymphocyte recruitment into inflamed tissue in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as chronically inflamed liver, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory skin diseases.
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