CD21 is a 145 kD transmembrane protein also known as complement C3d receptor (C3dR), complement receptor 2 (CR2), and Epstein-Barr virus receptor. CD21 is expressed on B cells, follicular dendritic cells, subsets of normal thymocytes and T cells, and some epithelial cells. CD21 is the receptor used by Epstein-Barr virus to infect B cells and is also the complement receptor for C3d. CD21 has also been shown to interact with a number of proteins, including CD23, CD19, annexin VI, CD81, iC3b, complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35), and interferon-alpha 1 (IFN-α1).
DNAM-1 (CD226) is a ~65 kD glycoprotein expressed on cell surface of T cells, NK cells, monocytes/macrophages, platelets and megakaryocytes and a subset of B cells and a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-superfamily containing 2 Ig-like domains of the V-set. The ligands for CD226 are the poliovirus receptor (CD155) and its family member nectin-2 (CD112), which are broadly expressed on epithelial, endothelial and neuronal cells. CD226 is physically associated with LFA-1 in NK cells and activated T cells, and involved in LFA-1-mediated signaling.
CD22 is a 130 kD type I transmembrane glycoprotein also known as Siglec-2 and BL-CAM. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (sialoadhesion subgroup). CD22 is expressed in the cytoplasm of pro-B and pre-B cells, and on the surface of mature B and activated B cells, but not on plasma cells. CD22 is present in the B cell receptor complex and associates with SHP-1, Syk, Lck, Lyn, and phospholipase Cγ1. A primary function of CD22 is thought to be in limiting antigen receptor signaling by modulating B cell activation threshold. CD22 has been shown to bind to CD45RO and CD75, although the natural ligands for this molecule remain controversial.
The HIR2 antibody reacts with a common epitope of glycophorin A (CD235a) and glycophorin B (CD235b). Glycophorin A is the major sialoglycoprotein expressed on red blood cell membrane, and erythroid precursors. Glycophorin A shares strong homology with glycophorin B. The HIR2 antibody recognizes human RBCs and erythroid precursors and is useful in erythroid cell development studies. Mature, non-nucleated red blood cells are characteristically glycophorin A positive, but CD45 and CD71 negative.
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