CD18 is a 90-95 kD type I transmembrane protein also known as integrin β2 subunit, LFA-1 β subunit, and β2 integrin. CD18 non-covalently associates with CD11a, CD11b or CD11c. CD18 is expressed on all leukocytes. CD18 and associated α chains function in adhesion and signaling in hematopoietic cells.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family. This receptor was identified as a gene induced by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and is thought to be a mediator of EBV effects on B lymphocytes. This receptor is expressed in various lymphoid tissues and activates B and T lymphocytes. It has been shown to control the migration of memory T cells to inflamed tissues, as well as stimulate dendritic cell maturation. The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19/ECL) has been reported to be a specific ligand of this receptor. Signals mediated by this receptor regulate T cell homeostasis in lymph nodes, and may also function in the activation and polarization of T cells, and in chronic inflammation pathogenesis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.
CD19 protein is a 95 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a central role in B cell activation and humoral immune responses . CD19 is expressed throughout B cell development from pre-B cells through mature B cells, and it is commonly used as a B cell lineage marker . It is required for the responsiveness of mature B cell to antigen stimulation, germinal center development, and antibody affinity maturation . The CD19 protein associates with the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), CD81, CD38, CD21, CD22, and IFITM1/CD225/Leu13. These associations enable CD19 to amplify B cell signaling and reduce the threshold for antigen stimulation through the BCR.
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