IL-21 is a potent cytokine regulating many cell types of the immune system. IL-21 is produced by activated T follicular helper cells (Tfh), Th17 cells, and NKT cells. Tfh-derived IL-21 plays an important role in the development of humoral immunity through its autocrine effects on the Tfh cell and paracrine effects on immunoglobulin affinity maturation, plasma cell differentiation, and B cell memory responses. IL-21 protein regulates several aspects of T cell function. It co-stimulates the activation, proliferation, and survival of CD8+ T cells and NKT cells and promotes Th17 cell polarization. IL-21 blocks the generation of regulatory T cells and their suppressive effects on CD4+ T cells. In addition to its role in T cell biology, IL-21 also plays a critical role in B cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It is also required for the migration of dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes. And IL-21 suppresses cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions by limiting allergen-specific IgE production and mast cell degranulation. In the autoimmune disease Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a link between IL-21 and SLE disease susceptibility and progression was recently reported.
Interleukin-21 receptor; also known as IL-21 receptor; IL-21R; Novel interleukin receptor; IL21R and NILR; is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family and Type 4 subfamily. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) belongs to a family of cytokines that bind to a composite receptor consisting of a private receptor (IL-21R) and the common cytokine receptor gamma chain ( gamma(C) ). The IL-21R is discovered as a novel member of the class-I-cytokine-receptor family and is selectively expressed in lymphoid tissues. IL-21R shows strong sequence homologies to the interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain gene (IL-4RA). The WSXWS motif of IL-21R appears to be necessary for proper protein folding and thereby efficient intracellular transport and cell-surface receptor binding. The box 1 motif of IL-21R is required for JAK interaction and / or activation. The IL-21R is widely distributed on lympho-haematopoietic cells and IL21 impacts a number of cell types; including CD8+ memory T cells; NK cells and subsets of CD4 memory T cells. Increased IL21 production is characteristic of certain autoimmune diseases and is likely to contribute to autoantibody production as well as pathological features of autoimmune disease. The critical role of IL21 in promoting humoral immune responses makes it an important focus of potential therapeutic interventions in conditions characterised by overproduction of pathogenic autoantibodies.
Interleukin-21 receptor is also known as IL-21 receptor; IL-21R; CD360. In humans; it is encoded by the IL21R gene. It belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 4 subfamily contains 2 fibronectin type-III domains. Interleukin-21 receptor is selectively expressed in lymphoid tissues and highly expressed in thymus and spleen. IL-21 is produced by CD4+ T cells in response to antigenic stimulation. Its action enhances antigen-specific responses of immune cells. The biological effects of IL-21 include induction of differentiation of T-cells-stimulated B-cells into plasma cells and memory B-cells. It also promotes the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T-cells and NK cells.
Interleukin-22 Receptor Subunit α-2 (IL22RA2) belongs to the type II cytokine receptor family. IL22RA2 is a secreted protein and contains three fibronectin type-III domains. IL22RA2 is widely expressed in many tissues. IL22RA2 functions as an IL22 antagonist and may be important in the regulation of inflammatory response. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described.
Interleukin-22 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-22RA2); also known as interleukin-22-binding protein (IL-22BP); is a subunit of the receptor for interleukin 22. IL-22BP belongs to the type I I cytokine receptor family and contains 3 fibronectin type-III domains. IL-22BP/IL-22RA2 is expressed in a range of tissues; including those in the digestive; female reproductive; and immune systems. It is expressed in placenta; spleen; breast; skin and lung. It is also detected in intestinal tract; testis; brain; heart and thymus. The dominant cell types expressing IL-22BP/IL-22RA2 were mononuclear cells and epithelium. IL-22BP/IL-22RA2 may play an important role as an IL-22 antagonist in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of IL-10 family. It is produced by T cells and induces the production of acute-phase reactants. IL-22 plays important roles in immune response through activation of the STAT 3 signal transduction pathway. Two types of IL-22-binding receptor have been discovered; a membrane-bound receptor and a soluble receptor.
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