Integrin β-1 (ITGB1) belongs to the integrin β chain family. Integrin family members are membrane receptors involved in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells. ITGB1 is an integrin unit associated with very late antigen receptors, which contains one VWFA domain. It is known to conjoin with α-3 subunit to create α3β1 complex that reacts to such molecules as netrin-1 and reelin.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of an array of cytokines with pivotal roles in embryo implantation and subsequent development. Several cell lineages in the reproductive tract and gestational tissues synthesise GM-CSF under direction by ovarian steroid hormones and signalling agents originating in male seminal fluid and the conceptus. The pre-implantation embryo, invading placental trophoblast cells and the abundant populations of leukocytes controlling maternal immune tolerance are all subject to GM-CSF regulation. GM-CSF stimulates the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors to monocytes and neutrophils, and reduces the risk for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients. GM-CSF also has been shown to induce the differentiation of myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) that promote the development of T-helper type 1 immune responses in cognate T cells. As a part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, GM-CSF promotes Th1 biased immune response, angiogenesis, allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity, and thus worthy of consideration for therapeutic target. GM-CSF has been utilized in the clinical management of multiple disease processes. Most recently, GM-CSF has been incorporated into the treatment of malignancies as a sole therapy, as well as a vaccine adjuvant. While the benefits of GM-CSF in this arena have been promising, recent reports have suggested the potential for GM-CSF to induce immune suppression and, thus, negatively impact outcomes in the management of cancer patients.
Intelectin-1(ITLN1) is a secreted protein and contains 1 fibrinogen C-terminal domain. Intelectin-1 is a 40 kDa Ca- dependent galactofuranose-binding lectin that is not a C-type lectin. It is expressed on multiple cell types and appears to participate in insulin signaling and microbe recognition. The protein has no effect on basal glucose uptake but enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. It increases AKT phosphorylation in the absence and presence of insulin and it may play a role in the defense systemagainst microorganisms. It also may specifically recognize carbohydrate chains of pathogens and bacterial components containing galactofuranosy l residues, in a calcium-dependent manner.
IL-28A (Interferon-λ2,IFN-λ2), IL-28B/IFN-λ3, and IL-29/IFN-λ1 are type III interferons which are distantly related to IL-10 family and type I IFN family cytokines. Mature human IL-28A is an approximately 22-25 kDa protein that shares 66% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat IL-28A and shows cross-species activity. It shares 96% and 70% aa sequence identity with human IL-28B and IL-29, respectively. IL-28A promotes the Th1 polarization of dendritic cells in the airway and inhibits Th2 and Th17 mediated inflammation. IL-28A additionally exhibits anti-tumor activity, in part by enhancing IL-12 dependent anti-tumor CTL responses in vivo. In contrast, it is up-regulated in invasive bladder cancer where it promotes tumor cell migration.
Interferon alpha-1/13(IFN-alpha-1/13 for short), also known as Interferon alpha-D, is a secreted protein which belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family. It is produced by macrophages. IFN-alpha have antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase. IFN-alpha exerts a variety of other biological effects, including antitumor and immunomodulatory activities and are increasingly used clinically to treat a range of malignancies, myelodysplasias and autoimmune diseases.
Interferon α-6 (IFN-α6) is a secreted protein which belongs to the α/β interferon family. IFN-α6 is produced by macrophages, expressed at low level, only 1.0% of the average gene in this release. IFN-α6 contains interferon alpha, beta and delta domain. IFN-α has antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase.
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