IL-12 is a heterodimeric pleiotropic cytokine made up of a 40 kDa (p40) subunit and a 35 kDa (p35) subunit.Human and mouse IL-12 share 70% and 60% amino acid sequence identity in their p40 and p35 subunits, respectively. IL-12 is involved in the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells. It is known as a T cell-stimulating factor, which can stimulate the growth and function of T cells. It stimulates the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and reduces IL-4 mediated suppression of IFN-γ. T cells that produce IL-12 have a coreceptor, CD30, which is associated with IL-12 activity.IL-12 plays an important role in the activities of natural killer cells and T lymphocytes. IL-12 mediates enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Interleukin-13 is also known as IL-13. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL13 gene. Interleukin-13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced primarily by activated Th2 cells.It is involved in several stages of B-cell maturation and differentiation. It up-regulates CD23 and MHC class II expression, and promotes IgE isotype switching of B cells. This cytokine down-regulates macrophage activity, thereby inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This cytokine is found to be critical to the pathogenesis of allergen-induced asthma but operates through mechanisms independent of IgE and eosinophils.
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a single-chain glycosylated polypeptide, which belongs to the IL-13/IL-4 family. IL-13 protein is secreted by many cell types, but especially by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. IL-13 exerts its effects through a multi-subunit receptor comprising the alpha chain of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα) and at least one of two known IL-13-specific binding chains (IL-13 Rα1 and IL-13 Rα2). As a cytokine, IL-13 protein is critical in regulating inflammatory, immune responses and diseases. In addition, it inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thus down-regulates macrophage activity. IL-13 protein and antibody is more importantly implicated as a central mediator of immunoregulatory processes in various cell types.
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