Interleukin-2(IL-2) is an interleukin; a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system;belongs to the IL-2 family. It is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions that are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells; NK cells; lymphokine-activated killer cells; monocytes; macrophages and oligodendrocytes.
Interleukin-2(IL-2) is an interleukin; a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system;belongs to the IL-2 family. It is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions that are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells; NK cells; lymphokine-activated killer cells; monocytes; macrophages and oligodendrocytes. New research has shown that IL-2 mutant reduced toxicity while being more potent at stimulating anti-tumor effector immune cells.
Human Interleukin 31 (IL-31) is a cytokine containing a four-helix bundle structure. It shares several structural and functional characteristics with IL-6, Oncostatin M, LIF, and Cardiotrophin-1. Human IL-31 cDNA encodes a 164 amino acid precursor that contains a 23 amino acid signal peptide and a 141 amino acid mature protein. Human and mouse IL-31 share 24% sequence identity in the mature region. IL-31 is mainly associated with activated T cells and is preferentially expressed by type 2 helper T cells (Th2). IL-31 signals via a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of a gp130 related molecule termed IL-31RA (also GPL and GLMR) and an Oncostatin M receptor (OSM Rβ). The IL-31 receptor is constitutively expressed by keratinocytes and upregulated by IFNγ on monocytes. GPL/OSMR signaling is a strong activator of STAT3 and STAT5, and can also activate STAT1, Jak1, and Jak2 signaling pathways. IL-31 regulated immune responses have been implicated in skin physiology and inflammatory skin diseases. Studies have shown that IL31 induces severe pruritis (itching) and dermatitis in transgenic mice.
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) was initially discovered as a nuclear factor NF-HEV abundantly expressed in high endothelial venules. It is a 30-32 kD pro-inflammatory protein with intracellular and extracellular activities and a chromatin-associated cytokine of the IL-1 family with high sequence and structural similarity to IL-1 and IL-18. IL-33 is highly and selectively expressed by high endothelial venule endothelial cells (HEVECs) in human tonsils; Peyers's patches; and lymph nodes. It contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal at the C-terminus; and is targeted to the nucleus when ectopically expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HeLa cells. The C-terminal fragment; corresponding to mature IL-33; binds and triggers signaling. IL-33 mediates its biological effects via Toll-interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain-containing receptor ST2; activates NF-kappaB and MAP kinases; and drives production of T(H)2-associated cytokines from in vitro polarized T(H)2 cells. In vivo; IL-33 induces the expression of IL-4; IL-5; and IL-13 and leads to severe pathological changes in mucosal organs. Human IL-33 is 270 amino acids in length.
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) belongs to the IL-1 superfamily. IL33 is highly expressed in endothelial venules found in tonsils; Peyer patches and mesenteric lymph nodes; but almost undetectable in placenta. IL33 induces the production of T helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines. IL-33 is a cytokine that mediates its biological effects by binding to and signals through IL1RL1/ST2 and IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL1RAP); activating intracellular molecules in the NF-κB and MAP kinase signaling pathways that drive production of type 2 cytokines from polarized Th2 cells.
Human Interleukin-36α (IL-36α) is a secreted cytokine that belongs to the Interleukin 1 cytokine family. IL-36α is expressed in the immune system and the fetal brain, but not in other tissues or multiple hematopoietic cell lines. IL-36α is the only IL-1 family member found to be expressed on T-cells. IL-36α and IL-1F8 are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue gene expression. Importantly, IL-36α inhibits PPARγ expression, which may lead to a reduction in adipocyte differentiation suggesting metabolic effects of this cytokine. IL-36α, along with IL-1F8 and IL-1F9, has been shown to act as an agonist by activating the pathway involving NFκB and MAPK in an IL-1Rrp2 dependent manner. This suggest that IL-36α may signal in a similar fashion to IL-1 and IL-18 in having a binding receptor which upon ligation, recruits a second receptor as a signaling component, forming an active heterodimeric receptor complex.
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