NFASC, also known as neurofascin, belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, L1/neurofascin/NgCAM family. It contains 5 fibronectin type-III domains and 6 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains. NFASC functions in neurite outgrowth, neurite fasciculation, and organization of the axon initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier on axons during early development. Both the AIS and nodes of Ranvier contain high densities of voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels which are clustered by interactions with cytoskeletal and scaffolding proteins including this protein, gliomedin, ankyrin 3 (ankyrin-G), and betaIV spectrin. NFASC links the AIS extracellular matrix to the intracellular cytoskeleton.
Ca2+-regulated transcription factor that is involved in several processes, including the development and function of the immune, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems. Involved in T-cell activation, stimulating the transcription of cytokine genes, including that of IL2 and IL4. Along with NFATC3, involved in embryonic heart development. Involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism required for cardiac morphogenesis and function. Transactivates many genes involved in the cardiovascular system, including AGTR2, NPPB/BNP (in synergy with GATA4), NPPA/ANP/ANF and MYH7/beta-MHC. Involved in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Involved in BDNF-driven pro-survival signaling in hippocampal adult-born neurons. Involved in the formation of long-term spatial memory and long-term potentiation (By similarity). In cochlear nucleus neurons, may play a role in deafferentation-induced apoptosis during the developmental critical period, when auditory neurons depend on afferent input for survival. Binds to and activates the BACE1/Beta-secretase 1 promoter, hence may regulate the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) . Plays a role in adipocyte differentiation. May be involved in myoblast differentiation into myotubes. Binds the consensus DNA sequence 5'-GGAAAAT-3' (Probable). In the presence of CREBBP, activates TNF transcription. Binds to PPARG gene promoter and regulates its activity. Binds to PPARG and REG3G gene promoters.
The 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappa-B (NFKB) protein complex. NFKB is a transcription regulator that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NFKB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Inappropriate activation of NFKB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NFKB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Nuclear Transcription Factor Y Subunit α (NFYA) is a member of the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family. NFYA founctions as a heterotrimeric transcription factor ; which is composed of three components; NF-YA; NF-YB and NF-YC; binds to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. NFYA forms a highly conserved transcription factor which stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters; for example in type 1 collagen; albumin and beta-actin genes.
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a 25 kDa protein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily. It was initially found in activated neutrophils, however, many other cells, like kidney tubular cells, may produce NGAL in response to various insults. This protein is released from injured tubular cells after various damaging stimuli, is already known by nephrologists as one of the most promising biomarkers of incoming Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Recent evidence also suggests its role as a biomarker in a variety of other renal and non-renal conditions. Moreover, recent studies seem to suggest a potential involvement of this factor also in the genesis and progression of chronic kidney diseases. NGAL is the first known mammalian protein which specifically binds organic molecules called siderophores, which are high-affinity iron chelators. NGAL, first known as an antibacterial factor of natural immunity, and an acute phase protein, is currently one of the most interesting and enigmatic proteins involved in the process of tumor development. acting as an intracellular iron carrier and protecting MMP9 from proteolytic degradation, NGAL has a clear pro-tumoral effect. In thyroid carcinomas, NGAL is strongly induced by NF-kB, an important factor involved both in tumor growth and in the link between chronic inflammation and neoplastic development. Thus, Lipocalin-2 (LCN2/NGAL) has been implicated in a variety of processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and morphogenesis.
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