Proenkephalin-B(PDYN), belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family. The N-terminal domain contains 6 conserved cysteines thought to be involved in disulfide bonding and/or processing. Leu-enkephalins, which is a type of Proenkephalin-B, compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. Dynorphin peptides differentially regulate the kappa opioid receptor. Dynorphin A has a typical opiod activity, it is 700 times more potent than Leu-enkephalin.
Profilin-II (PFN2) is ubiquitous protein which belongs to the profilin family. PFN2 binds to actin, thenaffects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profiling prevents the polymerization of actin, while increases that at low concentrations. PFN2 is a ubiquitous actin monomer-binding protein. It regulates actin polymerization in response to extra cellular signals. PFN2 binds to PIP2; it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG.
Progonadoliberin-2, also known as Progonadoliberin II and GNRH2, belongs to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone family. GNRH2 is specially expressed in midbrain, at significantly higher levels outside the brain (up to 30-fold). GNRH2 can be cleaved into two chains, gonadoliberin-2 and GnRH-associated peptide 2. gonadoliberin-2 regulates reproduction in females by stimulating the secretion of both luteinizing- and follicle-stimulating hormones. The proproteins produce three transcript variants, but produce the same peptide hormone.
Prolactin (PRL) is a secreted neuroendocrine pituitary hormone that acts primarily on the mammary gland to promote lactation; but has pleiotropic effects in both males and females. Non-glycosylated prolactin is produced by the pituitary and packaged in storage granules before secretion; while glycosylated prolactin is reported to be constitutively secreted; have lower biological potency; and be removed from the circulation more quickly. Prolactin is synthesized mainly by the anterior pituitary in all mammals; where secretion is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine. In humans; prolactin is also produced peripherally. Prolactin expression is low during early human pregnancy; but increases in late pregnancy. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a transmembrane type I glycoprotein that belongs to the cytokine hematopoietic receptor family. prolactin molecule is thought to bind two receptor molecules. In addition to its lactogenic activity; peripherally produced prolactin plays roles in breast and prostate cancer development; regulation of reproductive function; and immunoregulation.
neuregulin-1 (heregulin-1;NRG1) is a member of neuregulin family; which is comprised of four genes that encode a large number of secreted or membrane-bound isoforms. All family members share an EGF-like domain that interacts with the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. NRG1 isoforms can be classified into type I; type II and type III isoforms. NRG1 directs ligand for ERBB3 and ERBB4 tyrosine kinase receptors; concomitantly recruits ERBB1 and ERBB2 coreceptors; resulting in ligand-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the ERBB receptors. NRG proteins show distinct spatial and temporal expression patterns and play important roles during development of both the nervous system and the heart.
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