Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. PAP can catalyze the hydrolysis of member of phosphate monoestyers, including phosphorylated protein. PAP can high expression in metastasized prostate cancer, moderately expression level in bone diseases, blood cell disease, and the concentration of PAP is used to monitor and assess the proession of prostate cancer. The optimum PH of PAP is from 4 to 6; its activity can be inhibited by L(+)-tartrate.
Protachykinin-1(TAC1) is a secreted protein and belongs to the tachykinin family. TAC1 is encoded by the TAC1 gene. This gene encodes four products of the tachykinin peptide hormone family, substance P and neurokinin A, as well as the related peptides, neuropeptide K and neuropeptide gamma. These hormones are thought to function as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. They are known to induce behavioral responses and function as vasodilators and secretagogues.
Ribonucleoside-Diphosphate Reductase Subunit M2 (RRM2) belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family. The reductase of RRM2 catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. Synthesis of the encoded protein (M2) is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent fashion. RRM2 supplies the precursors essential for DNA synthesis. RRM2 catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. Phosphorylation on Ser-20 relieves the inhibitory effect on Wnt signaling.
Proteinase-3 is a neutral serine proteinase that belongs to the peptidase S1 family and Elastase subfamily. It contains one peptidase S1 domain and it is expressed mainly in neutrophil granulocytes. The primary function of Proteinase-3 is thought to be degradation of extracellular proteins at sites of inflammation, but excessive or prolonged proteolytic activity may cause harmful effects in the body. It is the epitope of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) of the cANCA (cytoplasmic subtype) class, a type of antibody frequently found in the disease Wegener's granulomatosis.
May function as calcium sensor and contribute to cellular calcium signaling. In a calcium-dependent manner, functions by interacting with other proteins, such as EZR and PPP5C, and indirectly plays a role in physiological processes like the formation of microvilli in epithelial cells. May stimulate cell proliferation in an autocrine manner via activation of the receptor for activated glycation end products (RAGE).
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