Syntaxin 7 (STX7) is a member of a family of membrane-trafficking proteins named as soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), and mediates the endocytic trafficking from early endosomes to late endosomes and lysosomes. Syntaxin-7 has been shown to be present in both late endosomes and lysosomes, and to be required for both homotypic late endosome fusion and heterotypic fusion with lysosomes. STX7 has been shown to interact with STX8, VPS18, Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 and VPS11.
Syntaxin-8 is a single-pass type IV membrane protein which belongs to the syntaxin family. It contains one t-SNARE coil homology domain. STX8 is highly expressed in heart, also found in brain, kidney, liver, lung, placenta, skeletal muscle, spleen and pancreas. STX8 is involved in protein trafficking from early to late endosomes via vesicle fusion and exocytosis. It as a vesicle trafficking protein functions in the early secretory pathway, possibly mediating retrograde transport form cis-golgi membrane to the ER.
Alpha-Synuclein (alpha-Syn), also known as NACP or SNCA, exists as at least two structural isoforms: one is helix-rich, membrane-bound form that both the N-and C-terminal regions of alpha-synuclein are tightly associated with membranes and the other is disordered, cytosolic form. Synuclein is found predominantly in the presynaptic termini, in both free or membrane-bound forms. SNCA is extensively localized in nucleus of neurons. It has been shown that alpha-Synuclein was highly expressed in the mitochondria in olfactory bulb, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus, where the cytosolic alpha-Synuclein was also rich. Normally the unstructured soluble type of alpha-synuclein can aggregate to form insoluble fibrils in pathological conditions characterized by Lewy bodies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. SNCA abnormality and mitochondrial deficiency are two major changes in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, alpha-synuclein is an abundant component of Lewy bodies in sporadic Parkinson's disease and diffuse Lewy body disease.
Tachykinin 3 (TAC3) is a secreted protein that belongs to the Tachykinin family. Tachykinins are active peptides that excite neurons and evoke behavioral responses; they are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract many smooth muscles in pregnancy. TAC3 is primarily expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and functions as a neurotransmitter. It is also expressed in the outer syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta and may be associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia. TAC3 acts as the ligand for the neurokinin-3 receptor, mutations in this gene are associated with normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B, also known as TNFRSF13B or more commonly as TACI (transmembrane activator and CAML interactor), is a transmembrane receptor protein found predominantly on the surface of B cells, which are an important part of the immune system.
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