Required for correct progression through G2 phase of the cell cycle and entry into mitosis. Required for RCOR1/CoREST mediated repression of neuronal specific gene promoters.Ubiquitously expressed in adult tissues. Contains 1 HMG box DNA-binding domain.
BTLA is a inhibitory molecule which belongs to the Ig superfamily. It down-modulates immune responses. As such, reagents that regulate the binding of BTLA to its ligand or alter BTLA signaling have significant therapeutic promise. BTLA is crucial to understand the mechanism(s) of action of these antibodies before attempting clinical applications. BTLA is not expressed by naive T cells, but it is induced during activation and remains expressed on T helper type 1 (T(H)1) but not T(H)2 cells. BTLA is a third inhibitory receptor on T lymphocytes with similarities to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1).
Butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) is a member of the BTN/MOG Ig-superfamily and functions as a negative regulator of immune cell activation. Mouse BTNL2 is type I transmembrane glycoprotein that contains an extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic domain. The ECD features two V-type Ig-like domains, two C-type Ig-like domains, and four glycosylation sites. BTNL2 is expressed in epithelial cells of the small intestine, colonic dendritic cells, and in cells of the lymph node. BTNL2 expression is upregulated in T cells following activation, a characteristic BTNL2 shares with the homologous B7 family of costimulatory molecules. BTNL2 negatively regulates T cells by inhibiting proliferation and inflammatory cytokine secretion. It also increases the expression of FoxP3 in T cells to promote regulatory T cell development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in BTNL2 are associated with a risk for sporadic prostate cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, and other inflammatory diseases.
Butyrophilin-like 4, also known as BTLN4, BTN3A3 (human) and BTN3A2 (rat) is an approximately 65 kDa member of the butyrophilin family that may play a role in immune regulation. BTNL4 shows striking sequence similarity to Skint1, is also largely restricted to an epithelial tissue (the small intestine) replete with T cells, plays a role in T-cell responses in the adaptive immune response.
Mouse Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1(BTN1A1) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which is a member of the Ig superfamily. The BTN1A1 ECD displays two predicted IgV and IgC domains as do B7 and Skint proteins which interact with other Ig superfamily members. BTN1A1 binds to xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). This interaction stabilizes the association of XOR with the milk fat globule membrane and appears to be essential in the control of milk fat globule secretion. In vitro, BTN1A1 inhibits the proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T-cells activated by anti-CD3 antibodies, T-cell metabolism and IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore, in vivo, BTN1A1 has a protective effect against the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Because butyrophilins are structurally related to B7 proteins and are functionally implicated in immune regulation, they may represent an emerging family of costimulatory/inhibitory molecules.
Butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), also known as cholinesterase or BuChE, is an enzyme defined as "pseudo" or "non-neuronal" cholinesterase. Butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) is widely distributed in the nervous system as well as blood plasma. It is constitutively similar to the neuronal acetylcholinesterase, and is a non-specific cholinesterase which hydrolyses many different choline esters. Butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) is a glycoprotein of 4 identical subunits, that were arranged as a dimer of dimers with each dimer composed of two identical subunits joined by interchain disulfide bonds. Butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) behaves principally similar to the true enzyme and thus can play a similar role in nerve conduction, although it participates probably only in relatively slow conductive processes and could be involved in other nervous system functions and in neurodegenerative diseases. It can hydrolyze toxic esters such as cocaine or scavenge organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. Purified human serum cholinesterase combines in its active surface an anionic and an esteratic site, similar to true cholinesterase. It has been demonstrated that butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) may have a greater role in cholinergic transmission than previously surmised, making BChE inhibition an important therapeutic goal in Alzheimer's disease.
Hyaluronan binding protein 1 (HABP1), also known as p32 or gC1qR, is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional phospho-protein implicated in cell signalling. Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1) /p32/gC1qR was characterized as a highly acidic and oligomeric protein, which binds to different ligands like hyaluronan, C1q, and mannosylated albumin. The role of hyaluronan binding protein 1 (HABP1) in cell signaling was investigated and in vitro. HABP1 overexpressing cells showed extensive vacuolation and reduced growth rate, which was corrected by frequent medium replenishment. Further investigation revealed that HABP1 overexpressing cells undergo apoptosis, and they failed to enter into the S-phase. The sperm surface HABP1 level can be correlated with the degree of sperm motility.Hyaluronan binding protein 1 (HABP1) was reported to be present on human sperm surface and its involvement in fertilization has already been elucidated: decreased HABP1 level may be associated with low motility of sperms, which in turn might cause infertility in the patient. HABP1 also is an endogenous substrate for MAP kinase and upon mitogenic stimulation it is translocated to the nucleus in a MAP kinase-dependent manner.
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