Mouse Ca14,also known as Carbonic anhydrase 14,is a member of large family of zinc metalloenzymes .It could catalyze reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. The reaction is fundamental to many processes such as respiration, renal tubular acidification and bone resorption. Fifteen CA isoforms have been reported so far. They have different patterns of tissue-specific expression and physiologic roles. Some CAs may serve as markers for tumors and hypoxia. CA XIV is a polypeptide consisting of an extracellular N-terminal catalytic domain, a membrane-spanning segment and a short intracellular C- terminal segment with several potential phosphorylation sites. A subset of CAs lack CA activity due to point mutations but retain esterase function. CA14 is widely expressed in the central nervous system
Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4) is a member of the peptidase M14 family. CPA4 is metalloprotease that could be involved in the histone hyperacetylation pathway. CPA4 binds one zinc ion per subunit and could catalyze to release of a C-terminal amino acid, with preference for -Phe, -Leu, -Ile, -Met, -Tyr and -Val.They have distinct expression patterns and different specificities for example, preferentially cleaving aromatic (carboxypeptidase As) or basic (carboxypeptidase Bs) residues. Several, such as carboxypeptidase Xs, have lost their catalytic activity. Carboxypeptidases play important roles in digestion of food, processing of bioactive peptides and blood coagulation.
Carbonic anhydrase 4(CA4) is an enzyme that belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family. CA4 consists of a signal peptide (residues1-17), an ectodomain (residues18-277) and a propeptide (residues278-305), which is removed in the mature form. it is predominantly expressed in the embryo. CA4 can catalyzes the reversible reaction of CO2+H2O=HCO3-+H+, and stimulates the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4. Studies have shown that this protein have a role in inherited renal abnormalities of bicarbonate transport. Alpha-carbonic anhydrase family participate in avariety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor. They show extensive diversity in tissue is attribution and in their sub cellular localization.
The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) are classified as metalloenzyme for its zinc ion prosthetic group and form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, a reversible reaction that takes part in maintaining acid-base balance in blood and other tissues. The carbonic anhydrasekl (CA) family consists of at least 11 enzymatically active members and a few inactive homologous proteins. Carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) is a membrane-associated enzyme anchored to plasma membrane surfaces by a phosphatidylinositol glycan linkage. CAIV is a high-activity isozyme in CO2 hydration comparable to that of CAII. Furthermore, CAIV is more active in HCO3- dehydration than is CAII. However, the esterase activity of CAIV is decreased 150-fold compared to CAII.
Carbonic anhydrases 9 (CA IX), also known as membrane antigen MN or CA9, is a member of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) family and may be involved in cell proliferation and cellular transformation. Cas are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (H2O + CO2 = H+ + HCO3&ndash,) and thus participate in a variety of biological and physical processes. CA IX protein is expressed primarily in carcinoma cells lines, and the expression is cell density dependent and has been shown to be strongly induced by hypoxia, accordingly facilitates adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxic conditions. It is involved in tumorigenesis through many pathways, such as pH regulation and cell adhesion control. CA IX is used as a marker of tumor hypoxia and as a new therapeutic target for many human carcinomas and cancers.
The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) are classified as metalloenzyme for its zinc ion prosthetic group and form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, a reversible reaction that takes part in maintaining acid-base balance in blood and other tissues. The carbonic anhydrasekl (CA) family consists of at least 11 enzymatically active members and a few inactive homologous proteins. Carbonic anhydrase II is one of fourteen forms of human α carbonic anhydrases. Defects in this enzyme are associated with osteopetrosis and renal tubular acidosis. Renal carbonic anhydrase allows the reabsorption of sodium ions in the proximal tubule. Carbonic anhydrase II has been shown to interact with Band 3 and Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 1.
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