CCL11 or chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 is a member of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand family. Chemokin (C-C motif) ligand 11 is a member of the chemokine family. There are four members of the chemokine family: C-C kemokines, C kemokines, CXC kemokines and CX3C kemokines. The C-C kemokines have two cysteines nearby the amino terminus. There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called C-C chemokine ligands (CCL)-1 to 28. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. They share the same structure similarities such as small size, and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations in order to form their 3-dimensional shape. Some of the chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory which can be induced to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection during an immune response, while others are considered homeostatic and are implied in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance and development. CCL11 is implicated in allergic responses through selectively recruiting eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to chemokine receptor. Increased CCL11 levels in blood plasma are associated with aging in mice.
Ccl12 prevented initiation of the reparative response by prolonging inflammation and inhibiting fibroblast conversion to myofibroblasts, resulting in diminished scar formation. Macrophage secretion of Ccl12 directly impaired fibronectin and collagen deposition and indirectly stimulated collagen degradation through upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. In post-MI patients, circulating LPS levels strongly associated with the Ccl12 homologue monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Both MCP-1 and MCP-5 are HIF-1 target genes and that HIF-1alpha is involved in transcriptional induction of these two chemokines in astrocytes by hypoxia.
Mouse TCA-3 is a member of the CC beta family of chemokines. The Human chemokine I-309, which shares approximately 42% amino acid (aa) sequence identity, has been assumed to be the homologue of Mouse TCA-3. Mouse TCA-3 and Human I-309 also share significant sequence homology in the 5' flanking region of their genes and each contain an extra pair of cysteine residues not found in most other chemokines.
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